Personality
What leads to incongruence?
Discrepancies between Ideal and True Self (which lead to distortions of reality)
What is the name of the big fancy book where all psychologists agree on how to define various disorders?
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
How long does a depressive episode have to last to be considered a major depressive episode?
at least 2 weeks (but can last several months or longer!)
What type of therapy is usually most helpful for people who meet criteria for obsessive-compulsive disroder?
Exposure and response prevention therapy
If someone practiced talking to strangers as part of an exposure, what anxiety disorder might they be experiencing?
social anxiety disorder
Describe the functions of Freud’s three parts of the personality and how they interact with each other.
Id - pleasure principle (unconscious urges/desires)
Superego - moral principles
Ego - rational..creates compromise between id and superego
What do you call it when someone meets criteria for multiple disorders at one time?
Comorbidity
What treatment is most effective in treating borderline personality disorder?
Dialectical Behavioral Therapy
What is the goal of humanistic (Roger's person-centered) therapy?
Facilitate honesty, awareness of self, self-acceptance, accepting responsibility for choices, fully in the present
What school of thought focuses on free will of the individual (as opposed to determinism) when describing personality theory?
Humanism
What theory emphasizes learned aspects of personality & person's expectations and beliefs
Social Learning Theory
What is a specific phobia? What are some examples?
Extreme irrational fear of a specific object or situation (e.g., animals, heights, blood, enclosed paces, flying)
Name a thinking error and give an example
catastrophizing (assuming the worst), all or nothing thinking (view situation in categories instead of continuum), blaming (you place all the blame for a situation on yourself or another person, ignoring context)... there are many more!
Which therapy model focuses on employing the client to change their behavior using mindfulness, distress tolerance, interpersonal effectiveness, and emotional regulation?
Dialectical Behavioral Therapy
what would you call expressing support to someone (no matter what) in the interest of remedying incongruence?
unconditional positive regard
How are obsessions and compulsions often related?
People diagnosed with OCD often perform compulsions in responses to an obsession (often feeling relief while doing so)
What is the difference between Bipolar 1 and Bipolar 2
bipolar 1 has to involve one or more manic episode while bipolar 2 involves one or more hypomanic episode and one or more major depressive episode
What sort of therapies focus on mindful acceptance of all experience, while acting consistent with goals and values?
Acceptance based approaches (e.g., Acceptance and commitment therapy)
How does avoidance of an anxiety provoking stimulus impact the anxiety that someone is experiencing?
The anxiety is maintained.
What are the big five traits (hint: OCEAN)
What makes behavior abnormal?
Deviance, Distress/impairment, disapproval by society, (biological dysfunciton)
What model proposes that some people develop schizophrenia because of an underlying biological vulnerability compounded by stress
Diathesis-Stress Model
What are the characteristics of someone who is likely to seek out and benefit from psychotherapy?
better adjusted, moderately impaired; moderate distress/anxiety about problem; some awareness of own role in problem; motivation to work; willingness to do something different
What do you call the components of therapy that some believe are necessary across modalities for success (e.g., therapeutic alliance, therapist effectiveness, growth/change)
common factors