Perspectives: The Classic 6
This perspective explains human behavior strictly through observable actions, rewards, and punishments rather than internal thoughts.
What is Behavioral Perspective?
Sarah bites her nails because she subconsciously re-enacts an unresolved conflict from early childhood. What perspective can be seen here?
What is the Psychoanalysis Perspective?
In a controlled experiment, this is the variable that the researcher directly manipulates.
What is the Independent Variable (IV)?
The initial step of the scientific method where a researcher formulates a specific, testable prediction using an "If... then..." structure.
What is Formulating a Hypothesis?
Opening the first formal psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany in 1879, this doctor is widely considered the "Father of Psychology."
Who was Wilhelm Wundt
Emphasizing unconscious drives, childhood trauma, and hidden internal conflicts, this approach was pioneered by Sigmund Freud.
What is the Psychoanalysis Perspective?
David studies hard for exams because his parents pay him $20 for every grade 'A' he earns. What perspective can be seen here?
What is the Behavioral Perspective?
This is the variable measured by researchers to evaluate the outcome or effect of an experimental manipulation.
What is the Dependent Variable (DV)?
To verify research findings and ensure results were not a fluke, other scientists must repeat the original experiment using identical operational definitions, a process called this.
What is Replication?
He wrote the landmark 1890 textbook The Principles of Psychology and championed Functionalism, which focused on how consciousness helps humans adapt.
Who was William James?
Viewing human nature positively, this perspective focuses on free will, personal growth, and reaching self-actualization
What is the Humanistic Perspective?
Maya misinterprets mild criticism as a total personal failure because of negative cognitive distortions. What perspective can be seen here?
What is the Cognitive Perspective?
This process ensures that every participant in a study has an equal chance of being assigned to either the experimental or control group
What is Random Assignment?
A student tests memory retention across 1st and 7th periods. To prevent the period timing from compromising the experiment's internal validity, the student must control for this external influence.
What is the confounding variable?
Rejecting the study of the unobservable mind, this radical behaviorist conditioned "Little Albert" to fear white rats.
Who was John B. Watson?
Neurotransmitters, brain structures, hormones, and genetic inheritance are the primary focus of this perspective.
What is the Biological Perspective?
Twin studies show high concordance rates for clinical depression due to genetic neurotransmitter deficiencies. What perspective can be seen here?
What is the Biological Perspective?
Specifying exact, measurable procedures for a variable—such as defining 'academic performance' as 'quiz percentage grade'—is known as this.
What is an Operational Definition?
True or False: Correlation=Causation
A student of Wundt, he introduced Structuralism to America, using introspection to map the basic building blocks of consciousness
Who is Edward Titchener?
This perspective investigates how cultural norms, societal expectations, and group dynamics shape individual thought and action.
What is Socio-cultural Perspective?
DAILY DOUBLE
Phobias like fear of snakes developed because early human ancestors who avoided dangerous animals were more likely to survive and reproduce.
What is the Evolutionary Perspective?
This baseline group receives no active treatment or receives a placebo to serve as a comparison group
What is the Control Group?
A scatterplot showing that as classroom temperature increases, student test scores decrease indicates this specific statistical relationship.
What is a Negative Correlation?
Clue: She was the first woman to complete the requirements for a psychology PhD at Harvard, though denied the degree, and later became the APA's first female president.
Who was Mary Whiton Calkins?