Noncommunicable Diseases
This implies that as social and economic development occurs, different types of diseases become more prevalent.
What is Epidemiological Transition?
This governance structure features local autonomy, authority delegated from the state to local
Example: New York State
What is Home Rule (or decentralized)?
Defined as: Time between exposure to an infectious agent and the appearance of symptoms
• Significance: Pathogen multiplies within the host; symptoms are not yet visible
• Key Role in Disease Control: Critical phase for managing disease spread through quarantine and isolation
What is Incubation Period?
• Definition: The gradual buildup of pollutants in an organism’s tissues over time, faster than it can be eliminated.
• Example: Mercury accumulating in fish.
What is Bioaccumulation?
These institutions feature:
– Clinical services are provided by one or more clinicians.
- Patients visit and leave the same day
– Diagnostic testing or treatment.
What are outpatient facilities?
These criteria are ideal for this type of program
1.The disease produces substantial death and/or disability.
2.Early detection is possible and improves outcome.
3.There is a feasible testing strategy for screening.
4.Screening is acceptable in terms of harms, costs, and patient acceptance.
What is a Screening Program?
Regulating healthcare facilities, credentialing and licensing healthcare professionals, collecting vital statistics, and administering programs like WIC and Medicaid are functions of this type of health department.
What is a State Health Department?
The way a pathogen enters a host (e.g. respiratory, fecal-oral, bloodstream)
Must provide access to hosts tissues for pathogen to grow
What is Portal of Entry?
This is the leading cause of death for U.S. Teens aged 15-19 years
What are motor vehicle accidents?
This government supported health insurance features:
• Federal government program.
• Primarily funded by payroll tax.
• Provides for persons 65 years and older, disabled persons eligible for Social Security disability benefits, and those with end-stage renal disease.
• Over 50 million Americans are eligible.
What is Medicare?
The probability a screening test will be positive when there is disease
What is Sensitivity?
These are the 3 Core Public Health Functions
What are Assessment, Policy Development, and Assurance?
These 3 diseases have the highest morbidity and ongoing issues worldwide.
What are HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis (TB) and Malaria?
Route, timing, level, stage of disease, other diseases and sensitivities alter this
What is Risk?
• Provide care to underserved populations regardless of ability to pay
• Offer primary care services
• Operate in rural and urban areas
•Funded and designated federally
What are Federally Qualified Health Care Centers (FQHCs)?
An intervention that reduces the cost while increasing the net-benefit
What is cost-effective?
The Director of this international agency has the ability to declare "public health emergency of international concern"
What is World Health Organization (WHO)?
These are tools available to control and prevent communicable diseases (Name at least 2)
• Barrier protections
• Immunizations
• Screening (Testing)
• Case finding and Contact tracing/treatment
• Treatment of cases
• Isolation, quarantine, social distancing
• Efforts to maximize effectiveness of treatments and prevent resistance to treatment
These type of injuries do not occur on purpose, and include: motor vehicle accidents, drowning, falls, accidental poisoning
What are unintentional injuries?
• Provides care and services from afar using technology.
• It includes a range of remote healthcare services like telemedicine, remote monitoring, medical training, prescription delivery, and more.
• Solutions not only offer convenience but can also lead to significant cost savings per visit, making healthcare more accessible and affordable.
What is Telehealth?
An emerging medical approach that aims to tailor healthcare interventions to the individual characteristics of each patient. It considers factors such as:
• Genetics
• Biomarkers
• Lifestyle
• Clinical history
What is Personalized Medicine (Precision Medicine)?
• Help public health systems respond effectively to crises like pandemics, environmental hazards, and chronic diseases.
• Support proactive public health planning, including disease prevention, health promotion, and emergency preparedness.
• Provide a shared language for public health professionals, ensuring consistent goals and methods nationwide.
• Serve as a foundation for training and education, shaping curricula for public health professionals and informing research priorities in academic institutions
What are the Essential Public Health Services?
These characteristics (name at least 3) enable a disease to be eradicated.
What are:
• No animal reservoir.
• Short persistence in environment.
• Absence of long-term carrier state.
• The disease produces long-term immunity.
• Vaccination produces long-term immunity.
• Herd immunity protects those who are susceptible.
• Easily identified disease.
• Effective postexposure vaccination.
Hazard identification
Dose-response relationship
Exposure assessment
Risk characterization
What is the Four-Step Risk Assessment Process?
This country's healthcare system emphasizes social justice and features a National Health Service with a single payer.
What is the United Kingdom (UK)?