Week 2: Turkish history
Which of these do Kemalist reforms include? Choose all the CORRECT answers:
1. Abolition of fez, veil and çarşaf
2. Adoption of Latin alphabet
3. Abolition of medreses (religious colleges), religious foundations, sects
4. Replacing Arabic ezan by a Turkish one
5. Change in family law
6.Formal emancipation of women
ALL except the first one. Fez yes, but veil and çarşaf no
When did the Turkish modernization start?
1. during Kemalist era
2. during Young Turk era
3. in Tanzimat era
4. after the Carlowitz treaty
4. after the Carlowitz treaty
What is laicism?
Subordination of religion to the state
Which ethnic groups are recognized as minorities in Turkey?
Armenians, Jews, and Greeks
What is the significance of Turkish War of Independence?
1919-1922.
Annulation of 1920 Sevres Treaty
Led to the creation of Turkish Republic
Which statements are TRUE?
1. According to modernization theory, modernization does not equate with westernization.
2. Modernization includes political, social, and economic development.
3. Modernization theory states that modernization is western model of development for non-western societies.
4. According to Multiple Modernities theory, religion is not an obstacle to development
All EXCEPT
1. According to modernization theory, modernization does not equate with westernization.
Which of these is TRUE about Eastern Turkey?
1. low level and quality of education
2. high level of education among women
3. early marriage is very common
4. the highest reproduction rate in Turkey
5. stagnation in infrastructure development
6. widespread social poverty
7. highly developed industrial sector
All, except
2. high level of education among women
7. highly developed industrial sector
Choose the CORRECT options:
1. During Erdogan's reign, Hagia Sophia became a museum.
2. The ideology of AKP is Neo-Ottomanism.
3. The number of Imam Hatip Schools is increasing.
4. Islamic political parties were allowed by Mustafa Kemal.
2. The ideology of AKP is Neo-Ottomanism.
3. The number of Imam Hatip Schools is increasing.
Which of these is TRUE about non-Muslim minorities in Turkey?
1. 1974 Court of Cassation ruling about confiscation of properties belonging to foundations
2. Non-Muslim schools were closed and publication was not allowed.
3. 1942 Asset Tax
4. Dersim massacres in 1930s
5. Non-Muslims are not allowed to become high rank military officers.
1. 1974 Court of Cassation ruling about confiscation of properties belonging to foundations
3. 1942 Asset Tax
5. Non-Muslims are not allowed to become high rank military officers.
What was the purpose of Kemalist reforms?
•Breakup with Ottoman legacy; conscious forgetting of Ottoman past
•Creation of the modernized, westernized and secular Turkish Republic, “new Turk”
What is Turkish model?
Prior to AK Party’s rise to power, Turkey was described by the metaphors, “Turkish model”-Modern, secular democratic Turkey with free market economy. It could be a model of development for Arab countries.
Which one is TRUE about Turkish identity?
1. Moderate nationalists argue Turkishness is civic and supra-identity regardless of ethnic group, while radical nationalists are against supra-identity.
2. There is a debate if people living in Turkey should be called Turks.
3. The opening of online genealogy database debunked the idea of "pure Turkishness" as people discovered their roots.
4. "White Turks" are secular, westernized Turks, while "Black Turks" are conservative Muslims.
5. The current AKP government is trying to forge a new identity: Muslim identity
ALL
Choose the INCORRECT statements:
1. The French interpretation of secularism implies that religion should not enter political and public field.
2. In a laic state, women are allowed to wear headscarves in government institutions.
3. The concept of secularism indicates that the state should treat equally towards all religions and should not favor one religion over another.
2. In a laic state, women are allowed to wear headscarves in government institutions.
Which of these is NOT true about Kurds?
1. The Kemalist ruling elite viewed Kurds as "prospective or potential Turks"
2. Speaking Kurdish in public is prohibited
3. The Turkish state has been in war with Kurdistan Workers' Party since 1984.
4. All Kurds have been assimilated.
5. Kurds were subject to compulsory settlement and displacement.
6. The Turkish constitution allows instruction of Kurdish other than Turkish.
2. Speaking Kurdish in public is prohibited
4. All Kurds have been assimilated.
6. The Turkish constitution allows instruction of Kurdish other than Turkish.
Choose the CORRECT answers:
1. Turkic people are assumed to originate in Central Asia
2.Ottoman empire was an empire by sea
3. Fratricide was a common practice among Ottoman sultans.
4. Military and bureaucracy were ethnic Turks
5. Ottoman Empire was a patrimonial state and practiced devshirme system.
6. Sultans succeeded to the throne through primogeniture.
3. Fratricide was a common practice among Ottoman sultans.
5. Ottoman Empire was a patrimonial state and practiced devshirme system.
According to theories, did modernization succeed in Turkey?
Modernization theory: it did not westernize
Political and social development: No. Economic yes.
Multiple Modernities: it created a non-western modernity
What is the famous phrase from "I am a Turk" student oath?
How happy is the one who says I am a Turk.
Choose the WRONG statements:
1. The host states apply ethno-religious cleansing to minorities that are impossible to assimilate.
2. The following ethnic groups reside in Turkey: Jews, Circassians, Arabs, Azeris, Pomaks, Syrians, Laz, Georgians, etc.
3. Minorities in Turkey are defined as ethnic and national minorities.
4. Ethnic Turks and Muslims are included into Turkish nationhood.
5. Turkish citizens are referred by a territorial term, Türkiyeli.
6. The Turkish state has adopted "Love it or Leave it" approach towards Kurds.
2. The following ethnic groups reside in Turkey: Jews, Circassians, Arabs, Azeris, Pomaks, Syrians, Laz, Georgians, etc.
3. Minorities in Turkey are defined as ethnic and national minorities.
5. Turkish citizens are referred by a territorial term, Türkiyeli.
6. The Turkish state has adopted "Love it or Leave it" approach towards Kurds.
What is millet system?
•Millet system
Two asymmetric elements:
1.The ruling dominant group (Millet-i Hakime)
2.The ruled and dominated group (Millet-i Mahkume)- second class citizens
Status of dhimmi (protected)-special tax
Armenian millet
Greek (Rum)millet
Jewish millet
Some sort of autonomy—religious leader
What is Orientalism and what connection does it have with Turkey?
Western gaze towards East.
What is Kurdish issue in Turkey?
Initially, in 1980s and 1990s Kurds fought for independence, but nowadays, they want recognition of their rights, whether minority status or cultural autonomy.