Foundations
In general, ________________ is the interdisciplinary, comparative and critical study of ethnic communities, and their historical and contemporary experiences in the United States.
What is Ethnic Studies?
The capacity, condition or state of excreting power such that an individual is presumed to be able to take action that is self-directed.
What is agency?
Colonization of the Americas, specifically of Latin America was made possible through two interconnected processes.
What is syncretism & hegemony?
In class we discussed _____________ and ________________ as two structural factors that account for Latin American im/migration to the United States.
What is military interventions & foreign economic policies?
Within a U.S. context, the term _____________ was initially developed in the 1970s during the Nixon Administration as part of a Census designated category associated with Spanish-speaking people (including people from Spain). The term refers to people of Spanish-speaking origin -- not necessarily to people of Latin American descent.
What is Hispanic?
A multidisciplinary area of study that centers Latinx communities' experiences; moves beyond nation-state paradigms in and across borders; and considers the role of the U.S. and Europe in Latin American affairs.
What is Latinx & Chicanx Studies?
The systemic and systematic social organization of institutions that together shape the relationships, conditions, opportunities and actions of individuals and social groups.
What is structure?
__________________ refers to countries of the Western hemisphere who were colonized by, and who fought for their independence from the imperial powers of Spain, Portugal and France.
What is Latin America?
In class we defined _______________ as a continuous movement from one area to another, where as _____________ refers to the entering (coming into) one area, with the possibility of returning to the former area (country of origin).
What is migration; immigration
A term used to refer to and describe individuals & communities, foreign and U.S.-born who have ancestry in any of the nations of the western hemisphere of Latin America. Specifically those nations that were colonized by the Spanish, Portuguese and French, nations who spoke romance languages rooted in Latin.
What is Latinx?
Combined racialized and ethnic/cultural practices that groups have in common, based on a shared history and heritage rooted in traditions and ways of being that are not exclusively related to race or ethnicity.
What is ethnorace?
While settler colonialism is characterized by the forced settlement of people in a new territorial region, followed by the genocide and extermination of indigenous peoples, _________________ is characterized by progressive settlement of people, and the foundation of new governance structures.
What is imperial colonialism?
Latin America is comprised of this # of countries.
What is 21?
A term used to describe an immigrant person who does not have the legal documentation or lawful authorization to reside in a given country.
What is undocumented?
According to the 2010 Census, Latinx account for 16% of the total U.S. population -- this amounts to approximately ____ Latinx.
What is 50 million?
A socially constructed label used to define and categorize a group of people apart from one another on the basis of phenotypic features, markers of difference, and racialized characteristics.
What is race?
An ideology that purports the notion that the U.S. was destined to be a White Protestant nation, united by one language, one religion, and one system of political government and common cultural practices.
What is Manifest Destiny?
Jose Vasconcelos refers to people of Latin America as a _____________, on account of the blending of different races, ethnicities and cultures; the intermixing of various racial/ethnic categories in to a pan-ethnic/ethno-racial social group.
What is cosmic race / raza cosmica?
Examples of foreign economic policies shaping Latin American economic, political and social contexts, thereby contributing to patterns of im/migration.
What is NAFTA?
(free trade agreements, international loans)
Historically, Mexicans, Puerto Ricans and Cubans have been considered the "Big Three" (largest) Latinx groups in the U.S.. Most recently there has been another Latinx community which is considered an "emerging" diaspora in the U.S.
What is Salvadoreans?
(Central Americans)
Identification or affiliation with a particular social group with whom a person might share similar heritage, cultural practices, traditions and/or values.
What is ethnicity?
Social, physical & psychological violence embedded, and often implicit, in social structures & institutions. (Hint: Discussed in the context of colonization and Galeno's "Open Veins of Latin America" chapter).
What is systemic violence?
Within the context of imperial colonialism what was the name of the treaty that divided a portion of the Western Hemisphere?
What is Treaty of Tordesillas?
Examples of military interventions shaping Latin American economic, political and social contexts, thereby contributing to patterns of im/migration.
What is annexation of territory, proxy wars, military assistance &/or training, etc.?
A concept used to describe the sociocultural practices and characteristics common among Latin American heritage people; concept strive to move away from essentializing Latinx communities, or reducing those shared attributes to any one single trait or similarity.
What is Latinidad?