Epidemics, Endemics, and Pandemics
An epidemic that is confined to a localized geographic area.
What is an "outbreak?"
Direct Transmission & Indirect Transmission
What are the two general modes of disease transmission?
Primary prevention, secondary prevention, and tertiary prevention.
What are the three types of prevention that have been established in public health?
The father of medicine.
What is Hippocrates also known as?
In 1658 Athanasius Kircher of Fluda wrote this.
What is Scrutinium Pestis?
An epidemic affects or attacks the population of an extensive region, country, or continent.
What is a Pandemic?
The uninterrupted and immediate transfer of an infectious agent from one another.
What is Direct transmission?
Preventing a disease or disorder before it happens.
What is Primary prevention?
The classification of fevers plaguing London in the 1660s and 1670s.
What is one of Sydenham's major works?
The microscope.
What first found scientific use in the 1600s through the work of Cornelius Drebbel?
The occurrence of cases of an illness, specific health-related behavior, or other health-related events clearly in excess of normal expectancy in a community or region.
What is an Epidemic?
An agent is transferred or carried by some intermediate item, organism means, or process to a host, resulting in disease.
What is Indirect trasmission?
In 1962, this act supported the purchase and administration of several childhood vaccines.
What is the Vaccination Assitance Act?
A disease marked by spongy and bleeding gums, bleeding under the skin, and extreme weakness.
What did Lind notice while on long ocean voyages?
He was the first to effectively apply the microscope in the study of disease and medicine eve though he was not a physcian.
Who is Leeuwenhoek?
The ongoing, unusual, or constant presence of a disease in a community or among a group of people, a disease is said to be endemic when it continually prevails in a region.
What is an Endemic?
The pathogen undergoes changes as part of its life cycle while within the host/vector and before being transmitted to the new host.
What is Biological transmission?
Block the progression of the disease or prevent an injury from developing into an impairment or disability.
What is the aim of secondary prevention?
Notes on Matters Affecting the Health, Efficiency, and Hospital Administration of the British Army (1858).
What was the title of Florence Nightingale's plan for reform?
The important findings of Koch, Pasteur, Snow, and many others in this era of sanitation and microbe discovery.
What would have been impossible without the use of the microscope?
In 1816, this epidemic occurred in Bengal, India, and then became a pandemic as it spread across India, extending as far as China and the Caspian Sea before receding in 1826.
When and where did several epidemics of cholera occur?
This occurs when a pathogen such as cholera or shigellosis is carried in drinking water, swimming pools, streams, or lakes used for swimming.
What are examples of Vehicle-borne transmission?
Prompt diagnosis and treatment, followed by proper rehabilitation and posttreatment recovery, proper patient education, behavior changes, and lifestyle changes are necessary for this level of prevention.
What is necessary for tertiary prevention?
This epidemiologist was convinced that it was the bacteria identified as anthrax that caused the disease because anthrax bacteria were always present in necropsy (autopsy) of sheep that died from anthrax.
What was Pasteur convinced of, regarding anthrax?
He did a morphologic study of red corpuscles in the blood and saw the connection of arterial circulation to venous circulation in the human body through the microscopic study of capillary networks.
What contributions did Leeuwenhoek make to epidemiology?