An argument in which the conclusion necessarily follows from the premises.
What is a deductive argument?
100
A view in which there is only one basic substance or one existing object in reality.
What is monism?
100
This is the problem of what thing or things necessary for me to have in order to be a self.
What is it to have an essential self?
100
Believed in the existence of eternal, unchanging Forms that are the cause of properties in the world.
Who is Plato?
100
For Descartes, there are two (corporeal and mental) because we can conceive of them clearly and distinctly. For Aristotle, it is the horse in the world (its matter and form). For Locke, it is something we reason inductively about through observation.
What is "substance"?
200
What we call an argument where the truth of the premises guarantees the truth of the conclusion.
What is validity?
200
The single thing which Anaximander said was the basis of all the four elements, since it did not have a definite structure of its own.
What is the apeiron?
200
In contrast to qualitative identity, this relationship is always between a thing and itself, requires there to be all of the same properties in common, and means we can only count one thing.
What is numerical identity?
200
Often considered the father of modern philosophy, he thought, therefore he thought he existed.
A kind of argument where one shows that their opponent's view leads to an endless chain of some kind.
What is Infinite Regress?
300
A kind of argument where we generalize based on observations to a conclusion that is very likely, but not necessary.
What is an inductive argument?
300
The foundation of all reality in the Upanishads, it is like the sap of a tree, sustaining and pervading all things.
What is Brahman?
300
Someone is the same person at time n and time n+1 iff he possesses the same soul at n and n+1.
What is Descartes' view of persistence?
300
This philosopher challenged Descartes' substance dualism, arguing that they would more rather admit the soul was extended than accept Descartes' view.
Who is Princess Elizabeth of Bohemia?
300
This is the relationship that properties in the world have to the Forms which cause them. Aristotle claimed not to understand it.
What is "participation"?
400
The condition that A is for B when B cannot happen without A.
What is a necessary condition?
400
This describes the relationship between, for example, the aesthetic properties of a piece of music and the CD player which encodes it--if we say that the aesthetic properties have their own causal efficacy.
What is the relationship of emergence?
400
Sameness of memory, and not sameness of substance.
What is it that guarantees identity over time for Locke?
400
He thought that everything is ultimately change and flux.
Who is Heraclitus?
400
This is when something is unknowable through words or thought and cannot be completely described. The Dao is an example of this concept.
What is ineffability?
500
When A is enough to guarantee B, but B does not always need to have A for its existence.
What is a sufficient condition?
500
The term for the "enformed matter" which makes a horse, vase, person, etc. what it is. It is a term used differently by Descartes, and an idea Locke was a bit skeptical we had a clear idea of.
What is "substance"?
500
It is not possible to directly observe the soul, so there is no way to check that the principle I choose to determine sameness of soul is correct.
What is a problem for the view that the soul guarantees persistence?
500
Argued that to understand philosophy's value, we shouldn't look only at what is "useful" to us, but at what broadens our perspective and gives us doubts about our knowledge.
Who is Bertrand Russell?
500
What it was that Descartes viewed himself as arguing from in order to establish the possibility of knowledge. These are supposed to be fundamental and self-evident.