Chapter 1 + 2
True or False: Sociology is the scientific study of human social behavior and social organization
True
True or False: The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is the proposition that material culture shapes how we think and perceive the social and physical worlds.
False (language)
True or False: Ascribed status is a status that is “earned” by the individual, at some point after birth, and is understood as a position one has more control over.
False (Achieved status)
True or False: Conventional crime is a form of crime in which acts of violence or property offenses are committed.
True
True or False: The functionalist perspective is the theoretical perspective that focuses on the interaction of individuals and on how they interpret their interaction according to the meaning things have for them.
False
The ability to see societal patterns that influence individual and group life.
The sociological imagination
A sample that gives everyone in the population an equal chance of being in the study.
Random sample
An example of this is when Rob is a stressed out parent because the kids come home from school and need dinner, homework help, and comfort.
Role strain
Behavior that violates social norms and typically arouses negative social reactions (“norm violation”).
Deviance
Non-numerical data that is analyzed for what people say and do.
Qualitative data
The more hours a student spends studying, the higher their grade on the exam will be. In this example, the hours spent studying is this.
independent variable
A group that shares the central values, beliefs, and norms of the larger culture but still retains certain cultural elements that make it distinct from the larger culture.
Subculture
Prisons, psychiatric hospitals, and military training camps are all examples of this.
Total institutions
An example of this deviance theory is when a socioeconomically disadvantaged teenager decides that she must resort to shoplifting in order to get some clothes she wants.
Strain theory
Family, close friends, and gangs with close relationships are all examples of this.
Primary groups
Stages of the sociological research process consist of: (1) choosing a research topic and research question, (2) conducting a literature review, (3) formulating a hypothesis, (4) measuring _______________________ and gathering data, (5) analyzing data, and (6) drawing a conclusion.
variables
An example of this is when a sociologist recognizes that eating guinea pigs must be viewed from the perspective and norms of a given society.
Cultural relativism
An example of this is when my date laughs at a joke I tell: I imagine I appear funny to my date, I imagine my date judges me positively and thinks I'm a talented person, and I feel pride and conclude I am funny.
Looking-glass self
An example of this is how marijuana or cannabis use was considered deviant in the 1950s by much of the population, yet is a widely accepted behavior today. Another example is that in Michigan, recreational marijuana use is currently legal, but in other states recreational marijuana use is against the law.
Relativity of deviance
Individual’s routine attempts to convey a positive impression of themselves to the people with whom they interact.
Impression management
The types or forms of societies (name at least 4)
Foraging, Horticultural and Pastoral, Agricultural, Industrial, Postindustrial
The elements of nonmaterial culture (name at least 4)
Symbols, language, beliefs, values, norms
Agents of socialization (name at least 4)
Family, schools, peer groups, mass media, work, religion, the state (gov.), sports teams
Deviance theories (name at least 4)
Durkheim, social ecology, strain theory, differential justice, feminist perspectives, differential association theory, social control, labeling theory
The process by which our perception of the world is shaped largely by the subjective meaning that we give to experiences or things.
Social construction of reality