Logic
the science and art of reasoning well
what is logic?
a term that is more general, broad, or abstract than the original term and includes it
what is genus?
the sum of all the common attributes denoted by the term (how specific is the term)
what is intension?
1.synonym, 2. example, 3. genus-difference
what are 3 methods of defining terms
a sentence which is either true or false
what is a statement?
branch of logic which deals with operations of thinking that are indirectly related to reasoning
what is informal logic
a term that is more specific, narrow, or concrete than the original term and is included by it
what is species?
the sum of all the individual objects described by a term (how broad is the term)
what is extension?
1. show relationships, 2. remove ambiguity, 3. reduce vagueness, 4. increase vocabulary, 5. explain concepts theoretically, 6. influence attitudes
what are 6 purposes of definitions?
1. self-reports, 2. true or false by logical structure, 3. true or false by definition
what are 3 types of self-supporting statements?
branch of logic which deals with the proper modes of reasoning
what is formal logic
1. overlapping species (not mutually exclusive), 2. ambiguous terms (game, ball), 3. confusing genus/species with part/whole
what are 3 basic errors to avoid in genus-species charts?
what is a vague word?
1. state essential attributes, 2. shouldn't be circular, 3. should not be too broad or too narrow, 4. should not be unclear or figurative, 5. state positively if possible, 6. be the same part of speech as the term
what are 6 rules for defining by genus and difference?
1. authority 2. experience, 3. deduction
what are 3 ways to determine the truth value of supported statements
connects one category or term with another for example it uses syllogisms
what is categorical logic
complete, no other types exist
what is exhaustive?
word with more than one definition
what is an ambiguous word?
naming the genus and then adding descriptive words which distinguish that term from all other species under that genus (what group is it in? what makes it different from everything else in that group?
what is defining by genus and difference?
1. question, 2. command 3. nonsense
what are the 3 types of sentences that are not statements?
connects propositions together in arguments
what is propositional logic?
not overlapping
what is mutually exclusive?
a concept that can be expressed precisely
what is a term?
demonstrating the term; giving several and various examples; listing species of the term (may cause ambiguity)
what is defining by example?
1. consistency/inconsistency, 2. implication, 3. logical equivalence, 4. independence
what are the 4 relationships between statements?