Sponges
What type of symmetry do sponges have?
Sponges are asymmetrical, meaning they do not have a definite shape or symmetry
What are the two main body forms of cnidarians?
Polyp (sessile, cylindrical, attached to a surface) and Medusa (free-swimming, bell-shaped)
What term refers to the crown of ciliated tentacles used by some lophotrochozoans for feeding?
Lophophore
Nematodes are commonly known by this term, referring to their cylindrical, unsegmented bodies
Roundworms
What kind of circulatory system do arthropods have?
Open circulatory system, where blood (hemolymph) flows freely within the body cavity
How do sponges obtain their food?
Sponges are filter feeders; they draw water through their pores, trapping tiny food particles with choanocytes
What specialized cells do cnidarians use for defense and capturing prey?
Cnidocytes, which contain nematocysts (stinging organelles that inject toxins into prey or predators)
What class of mollusks, including snails and slugs, undergoes torsion during development?
Gastropoda
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What is molting, and why do arthropods need to molt?
Molting (ecdysis) is the process of shedding the old exoskeleton so the organism can grow
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What type of symmetry do cnidarians have?
Radial symmetry, meaning their body parts are arranged around a central axis
What body part in mollusks secretes the shell and forms the cavity for the gills and other organs?
Mantle
Unlike annelids, nematodes have this type of body cavity
Hemocoel
What are the four major groups of arthropods?
Insects, Arachnids, Crustaceans, and Myriapods
What role do sponges play in bioactive compound production, and how is this important for medicine?
Sponges produce bioactive compounds that have antibacterial, antiviral, and anticancer properties, which are being studied for pharmaceutical applications
What is the function of the gastrovascular cavity in cnidarians?
It serves as both a digestive chamber and a circulatory system, distributing nutrients throughout the body.
What class of annelids includes mostly marine segmented worms with parapodia for locomotion?
Polychaeta
This genus of nematodes causes trichinosis and is transmitted to humans through undercooked meat
Trichinella
How do arthropods breathe?
Insects use tracheal tubes, arachnids have book lungs, and crustaceans use gills
What are the differences between asconoid, syconoid, and leuconoid sponge body types?
Asconoid: Simplest structure with a single central cavity.
Syconoid: More complex, with folded walls increasing surface area.
Leuconoid: Most complex, with branched canals and multiple oscula, maximizing water flow efficiency.
What are the four major classes of cnidarians?
Hydrozoa (hydras, Portuguese man-of-war), Scyphozoa (true jellyfish), Cubozoa (box jellyfish), and Anthozoa (corals, sea anemones)
What phylum of lophotrochozoans is characterized by tiny animals that use ciliated crowns called corona for locomotion and feeding, with some species reproducing through parthenogenesis?
Rotifers
What is superphylum of nematodes which refers to their growth by molting external cuticle?
Ecdysozoa
What is metamorphosis, and what are its types?
Metamorphosis is a developmental process where arthropods change form.
Complete metamorphosis: Egg → Larva → Pupa → Adult (e.g., butterflies).
Incomplete metamorphosis: Egg → Nymph → Adult (e.g., grasshoppers)