E1
For a PA Axial Projection (Caldwell Method) to be properly positioned, the radiographer must_______?
1. patient prone or seated position
2. center MSP to midline of IR, rest patients nose and forehead on the table or upright bucky/IR.
3. adjust flexion of patients neck so the OML is perpendicular to the IR.
4. Align MSP perpendicular to IR by adjusting the lateral margins of the orbits or the EAM equidistant from the IR.
What bone makes up the medial wall of the orbits?
Ethmoid bone.
What are the positioning lines we as radiographer use during Skull Radiography?
1. Glabellomeatal line.
2. Orbitomeatal line
3. Infraorbitomeatal line
4. Acanthiomeatal line
5. Mentomeatal line.
6. Midsagittal plane
7. Interpupillary line
8.Glabelloaveolar line.
What bones does the parietal bone articulate with?
Frontal bone, temporal bone, Occipital bone, Sphenoid bone, and opposite parietal bone.
What is the typical head shape where petrous pyramids project anteriorly and medially, at an angle of 47 degrees from the MSP of the skull?
Mesocephalic.
What is the CR location for a PA Axial Projection (Caldwell Method)?
CR is angled 15 degrees caudad, exits at the nasion.
Where is the mastoid process located?
Posterior portion of temporal bone.
What bone contains a styloid process?
tympanic part of temporal bone.
For a PA Axial Projection (Caldwell Method) for the sinuses with an ANGLED GRID/IR, to be properly positioned, the radiographer must________?
1. patient seated facing the IR
2. Center MSP to midline of IR.
3. Tilt IR down that an angle of 15 degrees is obtained.
4. rest patients nose and forehead on the IR, center IR at the nasion.
5. Adjust the MSP and OML of the patients head perpendicular to the IR.
6. this positioning places OML perpendicular to the angled IR and 15 degrees from the horizontal CR.
In regards to making adjustments during an examination. What other line can be used if the OML is not perpendicular?
The IOML
How much does the radiographer angle the x-ray tube to show the superior orbital fissures during a PA Axial Projection (Caldwell Method)?
20-25 degrees caudad through mid-orbits.
For an AP Axial Projection (Reverse-Caldwell Method) to be properly positioned, the radiographer must______?
1. position patient supine, MSP centered to IR.
2. Ensure that MSP and OML are perpendicular to IR.
For a Lateral Projection of the sinuses to be properly positioned, the radiographer must_______?
1. place patient in seated, RAO/LAO positions so the head can be adjusted in a true lateral position.
2. rest side of patients head on IR, adjust head to true lateral position.
3. MSP of the head is parallel with the plane of IR.
5. IPL is perpendicular to plane of IR
6. IOML is positioned horizontally to ensure proper extension of head, this places IOML perpendicular to front edge of IR.
For a PA Axial Projection (Caldwell Method) for the sinuses with an VERTICAL GRID/IR, to be properly positioned, the radiographer must________?
1. seat patient facing IR
2. Center MSP to midline of IR
3. extend patients neck slightly, rest tip of nose on IR, center IR at the nasion.
4. position patients head so the OML forms a 15-degree angle with the horizontal central ray.
5. adjust MSP of patients head perpendicular to the IR.
For the AP Skull Projection to be properly positioned, the radiographer must_______?
1. place patient supine, MSP centered to the IR.
2. Ensure that MSP and OML are perpendicular to the IR.
How much does the radiographer angle the x-ray tube tl show the rotundum foramina, during a PA Axial Projection (Caldwell Method)?
What is the CR location for an AP Axial Projection (Reverse-Caldwell Method)?
CR directed at the nasion at an angle of 15 degrees cephalad.
What is the CR location for a Lateral Projection of the sinuses?
CR directed horizontal, enters 1/2-1 inch posterior to outer-canthus.
What is the CR location for a PA Axial Projection (Caldwell Method) for the sinuses?
CR is directed horizontal to exit the nasion. the 15 degree relationship between CR and OML remains the same for both techniques.
What is the CR location for an AP Skull Projection?
Perpendicular to the nasion.
What bones does the Sphenoid bone articulate with?
Articulates with the other seven bones of the cranium.
What does the zygomatic process articulate with?
zygomatic bone of the face, this completes the zygomatic arch.
What bones make up the Calvaria of the skull?
Frontal bone, occipital bone, Right/Left Parietal bones.
What is a Suture?
1. a fibrous joint (immovable)
2. Joins the bones from the cranium and face together.
In regards to structures best seen. What is the name of the projection that BEST DEMONSTRATES the Occipital Bone?
AP Axial Projection (Townes Method).