This piece of hardware pictured is the "brains" of the computer.
What is a CPU?
The connector pictured here, used in ethernet networking. 
What is an RJ45?
What is ipconfig?
RAM
What is Random Access Memory?
This is the act of unplugging and plugging something back in. Typically recommended to perform on your modem by your ISP.
What is power-cycling?
This type of hard drive has no moving parts.
What is a solid state drive(SSD)?
This part of the IEEE 802 set of LAN protocols specifies the requirements for Wi-Fi communication.
This was the first version of Windows to remove the word "Start" from what we still colloquially call the "Start button".
What is Windows Vista?
HTTP
What is Hyper text transfer protocol?
The computer you're working on will only display 3.99 GB of usable RAM even though you have installed 8 GB. Why is that?
What is The computer has a 32-bit operating system?
Short for Serial AT Attachment, this connection has been the standard for connecting hard drives and disk drives to a computer since the early 2000s.
What is SATA?
This network device is often called dumb because it does not have the ability to filter data. All data packets received on a port are sent to all other connected devices.
from: CompTIA Network+ N10-007
What is a hub?
This tool built into windows for monitoring CPU, RAM, Network, and Disk gives more detail than the Task Manager.
from: 2V0-01.19PSE: VMware vSphere 6.7 Foundations Exam 2019
What is perfmon or Performance Monitor?
VGA
What is Video Graphics Array?
This term refers to software that is no longer receiving support from its vendor.
What is end of life (EOL) or sunsetted?
You would add this kind of computer memory stick to a laptop to increase its RAM, being roughly half the size of typical computer memory sticks.
What is SO-DIMM?
A network beginning with the octet 172. would belong to this class of networks.
What is a class B network?
Microsoft Terminal Services Client or MSTSC is the legacy name for this application within windows.
What is remote desktop?
SNMP
What is Simple Network Management Protocol?
Task manager shows four CPUs under the performance tab even though the CPU is a dual core processor. What technology from AMD or Intel makes this possible?
What is Hyperthreading or Hypertransport?
This motherboard component connects directly to the CPU over the Front Side Bus (FSB) and is also sometimes called the Memory Controller Hub.
From: CompTIA A+ Certification Exam Core 1 (220-1001)
What is a Northbridge Chipset?
Windows Automatic Private IT Addressing (APIPA) would issue you an IP beginning with these two octets when a DHCP server isn't reachable.
What is 169.254 ?
This extension used for "Snap-Ins" is short for Microsoft Common Console Document.
What is .msc?
HAL
What is Hardware Abstraction Layer?
These are the seven layers of the OSI Model.
From: CompTIA A+ Certification Exam Core 2 (220-1002)
What is Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data link, Physical?