Industrial Technology
This machine, invented by Eli Whitney, removed seeds from cotton much faster than by hand.
What is the Cotton Gin?
The movement of people from rural areas into cities during industrialization is called what?
Urbanization
Child work in factories and mines is called what general term?
Child labor
One primary economic reason European nations sought colonies
Raw materials
This city hosted the Conference that divided up Africa among European powers
Berlin
Name the device that allowed a single worker to spin multiple threads at once, speeding textile production.
What is the Spinning Jenny?
Two English cities listed as hubs of early British industrialization.
Manchester and Liverpool
One common protest or action workers used to demand better wages and conditions.
Strikes
The belief that certain races or nations are superior and that stronger nations should dominate weaker ones is called what?
Social Darwinism
Name one long-term effect of European imperialism on African political boundaries or societies.
Arbitrary borders splitting ethnic groups; economic exploitation; loss of sovereignty
This invention by Robert Fulton helped move goods and people upriver more efficiently.
What is the steamboat?
Give one reason why cities grew during the Industrial Revolution (economic or technological).
Job opportunities in factories; mechanized agriculture reduced rural jobs; improved transportation
Name one reform or law (type, not necessarily specific title) that governments or movements pushed for to improve labor conditions.
Job opportunities in factories; mechanized agriculture reduced rural jobs; improved transportation
Define “raw materials” in the context of imperialism.
Natural resources extracted from colonies for industrial production and trade
List two European nations heavily involved in the Scramble for Africa.
Britain, France (also Belgium, Germany, Portugal, Italy, Spain)
The power source that drove early factories and locomotives, enabling the Industrial Revolution to expand rapidly.
What is Steam engine (or coal-powered steam)?
Describe one major problem workers faced living in rapidly growing industrial cities.
Overcrowding, poor sanitation, disease, inadequate housing
Describe the class division that industrialization intensified (who were the main two groups?).
Industrial bourgeoisie (factory owners/middle class) vs. working class (laborers)
Explain how nationalism encouraged imperial expansion (short answer).
National pride and competition pushed countries to acquire colonies to show power and prestige
Describe how the Berlin Conference rules affected African people and give one example of a lasting consequence
Africans were excluded from decisions; borders drawn for European convenience led to ethnic conflict and disrupted local governance; ongoing political instability
Explain how the steam-driven locomotive changed industry and commerce in the 19th century (short answer).
Increased speed/reliability of overland transport, linked raw material sources to factories, expanded markets, spurred railroad networks
Explain how urbanization changed family roles or daily life for people in the 19th century (short answer).
Families worked in factories; child labor increased; separation of work (factory) from home life
Explain how labor unions aimed to improve workers’ lives and give one tactic they used (short answer).
Unions negotiated collectively, organized strikes, lobbied for legal protections
Describe two economic motivations that pushed European countries into the “New Imperialism” era (short answer).
Need for raw materials and new markets for manufactured goods; investment opportunities for capital
A region where one country has exclusive trading rights or control without formal political rule
What is a sphere of influence?