Tokayev
Which of the following organizations is an NGO?
A. World Bank
B. African Union
C. International Court of Justice (ICJ)
D. Red Cross
D
Where is the International Court of Justice is located
A.New York
B. Brussels
C. Geneva
D. Hague
D
What is anarchy in international relations?
A. A system with no world government
B. A system of constant war
C. Rule by powerful states
D. A UN-controlled system
A
Which of the following is NOT a source of international law?
A. International treaties
B. UN Security Council resolutions
C. General principles of law
D. Customary international law
B
What is polarity in IR?
Polarity in international relations refers to the number of major powers (or poles) in the international system. It describes how global power is distributed.
What is the security dilemma?
The security dilemma is a core concept in IR, especially in realism. It describes a situation where actions taken by a state to increase its own security unintentionally threaten other states, which then respond by increasing their own military capabilities, creating a cycle of tension, even if no one actually wants conflict.
What are the four defining attributes of IOs?
Membership, statute, periodic conferences, secretariat
What is the Concert of Europe?
From 1815 to 1914, the Concert of Europe established a set of principles, rules and practices that helped to maintain balance between the major powers after the Napoleonic Wars, and to spare Europe from another broad conflict.
What is the difference between domestic and international politics?
order/functions/capabilities
What is membership conditionality in IOs?
Membership conditionality in international organizations refers to the practice where a state’s accession, participation, or continued membership in an organization is made dependent on fulfilling certain criteria or conditions.
What is the 1997 Kyoto Protocol?
1997 Kyoto Protocol, under which most developed countries pledged to cut their emissions of carbon dioxide by an average of 5 per cent against 1990 levels in the period 2008–12, introducing market-based mechanisms like carbon trading and clean development projects to combat climate change.
What is the difference between hard power and soft power?
Hard power is about “forcing” others, while soft power is about “getting others to want what you want.”
Compare multipolar and bipolar systems. Which one is more stable and why?
Bipolar systems are generally more stable than multipolar systems, because they have fewer major actors, predictable alliances, and clearer deterrence mechanisms. Multipolar systems allow more flexibility and independence but are more prone to crises and wars due to miscalculations, balancing, and shifting alliances.
How do universalist and relativist perspectives differ in defining and interpreting human rights?
Universalists argue that human rights apply to everyone everywhere, independent of culture or tradition. Relativists argue that rights should be interpreted within each society’s cultural and historical context, and that universal standards often impose Western values and interfere with sovereignty.
Why might a weak state choose to bandwagon instead of balance?
A weak state might bandwagon instead of balance because it is too weak to resist a stronger power, wants to avoid being attacked, hopes to gain protection or benefits from the dominant state, or simply has no available allies to balance with.
How do international organizations enforce compliance without coercive power?
International organizations enforce compliance not through coercion, but through a combination of normative pressure, monitoring, reputation management, incentives, diplomacy, and support. Compliance is often achieved because states see benefits in cooperation and costs in defiance, even without the threat of force.
Can human security replace traditional national security as the central paradigm? Support your argument.
human security expands the concept by addressing non-military dangers such as poverty, disease, and climate risks that strongly affect people’s safety.
Does globalization strengthen or weaken state sovereignty? Explain your reasoning.
Globalization both strengthens and weakens state sovereignty. It weakens sovereignty by reducing economic independence, empowering international institutions, and creating transnational challenges that states cannot control alone. However, globalization also strengthens states by giving them greater economic opportunities, new forms of cooperation, and tools to expand their influence.
How do differing interpretations of sovereignty affect debates on humanitarian intervention?
Because some states see sovereignty as absolute and oppose any interference in domestic affairs, while others view sovereignty as conditional and argue that the international community has a duty to intervene when governments fail to protect their populations.
How does modern warfare (cyber, hybrid, drones) challenge traditional definitions of “conflict” in IR?
By blurring the lines between war and peace, hiding the identity of attackers, expanding the battlefield beyond physical territory, reducing the need for conventional armies, increasing the role of non-state actors, and targeting civilian infrastructure.