Words
Religious wars fought over control of Jerusalem
Crusades
The exchange of goods and services
Trade
The ability to read and write
Literacy
The spread of Renaissance ideas in Northern Europe
Northern Renaissance
The process of becoming different over time
Change
A deadly plague that killed millions in Europe
Black Death
The average number of years people live
Life expectancy
Related to city life
Urban
Handwritten books made before printing presses
Manuscripts
People who buy and sell goods for profit
Merchants
A belief that disease spreads through bad air
Miasma
Showing sorrow for sins through punishment and prayer
Penance
A movement focusing on human potential and learning
Humanism
The belief that individuals and personal achievements are important
Individualism
The fall of this city in 1453 ended the Byzantine Empire
Constantinople
A period of cultural rebirth in Europe, when art, science, and classical learning grew
Renaissance
Systems that keep cities clean and remove waste
Sanitation
A technique artists use to create depth in paintings
Perspective
Using everyday language instead of Latin
Vernacular
People who wipped themselves to ask for forgiveness for sins
Flagellants
Wealthy supporters of artists and scholars
Patrons
A powerful family that supported Renaissance artists
Medici
A thick stew commonly eaten by peasants
Pottage
A political thinker who wrote about power and leadership
Machiavelli
A book explaining how rulers gain and keep power
The Prince