Introduction to Criminal Justice
These are the three main organizations within the criminal justice system.
Policing, courts, and corrections
A difference in outcomes between two demographic groups within the criminal justice system is referred to as this.
Disparity
The development of police forces in the US can be mainly traced back to this country.
Britain/UK
When people have face-to-face contact with the police, it most commonly occurs in this situation.
Traffic stops
This constitutional amendment governs police searches and seizures.
Fourth Amendment
Most criminal justice administration is handled at this level of government.
State
The "criminal justice wedding cake" is a concept used to explain this.
How cases are treated differently within the CJS
In the south, these forces were precursors to police and had the power to search homes and use force.
Slave patrols
This example provided in class illustrated where police were overusing discretion to avoid arrests and discretion was subsequently reduced.
Domestic violence
In a consensual police stop, citizens who stop are required to do this.
Nothing!
These are the three main purposes or goals of the criminal justice system.
Doing justice, controlling crime, preventing crime
The main focus of this model of the criminal justice system is protecting the rights of the accused and ensuring convictions are based on solid evidence.
Due process model
Police focusing on "little problems" and precursors of crime and disorder like rowdy teenagers and abandoned buildings is characteristic of this era of policing.
Community Policing
This standard governs when and how police can use force against suspects.
Force must be reasonably necessary
This standard of evidence refers to a greater than 50% likelihood that a crime has been committed.
Probable cause
The phrase "mala prohibita" refers to this type of offense.
Acts that are crimes because the government says so, we do not view them as morally wrong.
Justification defense
These three elements make up the police subculture.
The working personality of police, police morality, police isolation
As discussed in class, this method of holding police accountable is the most effective.
Civil liability lawsuits
After a lawful arrest, police are allowed to conduct searches of these places, as long as they occur at the time of arrest.
The arrestee, areas within their immediate control.
Criminal justice agencies seek positive coverage from the news and aim to maintain good relations with voters and politicians because of this characteristic of the criminal justice system.
Resource dependence - CJS relies on government for funding
When defending a client in a criminal trial, defense lawyers often focus on arguing that one of these two principles of criminal responsibility have not been fulfilled.
Causation, Mens rea
Police dealing with a drunk driving case quietly and discreetly reflects this style of policing.
Service style
These are the two generally ineffective ways that we measure police productivity
Clearance rate, crime rate
Name two of the four situations in which police may conduct a search without a warrant.
2 of: special needs beyond the purpose of law enforcement, limited detention searches, exigent circumstances, consent