Pre-Islamic Arabia
True or False: Pre-Islamic Arabia had a centralized government
False
What year (roughly) was Muhammad born?
C. 540 AD
What is the primary motivation for war for Muslims?
Their faith, Islam
What does "Caliph" mean?
Chief Muslim/ruler - combining sacred and secular power into one person
What does "Muslim" mean?
To surrender
The Northern Desert area was socially divided into what two groups?
Camel nomads and sheep herders
What year did Muhammad start receiving visions?
What technology did the Byzantines use to defeat the Muslims during the sieges of Constantinople?
What was Mecca known for?
Kaaba and poetry
Islam is the ____ biggest religion in the world
2nd
The southwest area of the Arabian Peninsula was known for what/had more what?
Urbanization, social complexity, fertile, populated, etc.
What year is the start of the Muslim calendar and why?
622, Muhammad's flight from Mecca to Medina
Who is Charles Martel?
Leader of the Franks who defeated the Muslims at the Battle of Tours in 732 AD
Name two reforms that Islam brought to the status of women
Nuclear family structure, new financial independence, a maximum of 4 wives, no infanticide, head coverings take on a religious aspect
Name 3 of the 5 pillars of Islam
Declaration of faith, 5 daily prayers, obligatory giving of alms, fasting during Ramadan, Pilgrimage to Mecca
What was the religion of the pre-Islamic Arabians?
Animism
They are exiled, killed, or converted
What is a tactic the Muslims used in waging war?
Creative use of geography, lightning strikes, ingenious overcoming of obstacles (deserts and elephants), lash ships together to create "land"
What was Medina primarily known for?
Scribes and silver
What is the main difference between Sunni and Shia Muslims?
Sunni believe the leader should be by popular consensus
Shia believe the leader should be a blood relative of Muhammad
What three religions made significant inroads into the Arabian Peninsula by the end of the 5th century?
Judaism, Christianity, and Zoroastrianism
Khadija, the rich widow, his employer
Name 2 out of four conditions for winning a war
Patience, perseverance, constant readiness, fear of Allah
What are 2 of the three architectural innovations of mosques we looked at and what is the importance of each?
Domes - symbolically connect earth and heaven
Mihrabs - indicate direction to Mecca, acoustic focus
Minarets - symbolize Allah's transcendence
What does Islam believe about Christianity? (Scriptures, nature of Christ, how one is saved)
Christianity is incomplete and Islam (and the Qu'ran completes the Christian Scriptures), Christ was a prophet and didn't die on the cross (thus no atonement for sins), and one is saved by good works, not grace