Geography and Climate
What type of climate does most of the Arabian Peninsula have?
Hot, dry, desert-like with little rainfall
What were the leaders of Arabian tribes called?
Sheikhs
What does the word “Islam” mean?
Submission/Surrender to God
What is the first pillar of lslam?
Shahadah
What is a caliph?
A leader who succeeded/came after Muhammad.
What ocean did Muslim ships cross to reach India and Southeast Asia?
The Indian Ocean
What type of math did Muslim scholars invent?
Algebra
What three bodies of water surround the Arabian Peninsula to the west, east, and south?
Red Sea (west), Persian Gulf (east), Arabian Peninsula (south)
Who were the Bedouins?
Nomadic people who lived in tents
What was Muhammad’s main message?
There is only one God, Allah (people should destroy statues of other gods or goddesses) and that they should share their wealth with the poor.
What pillar requires Muslims to pray five times a day
Salat/Prayer
What was the main goal of the first four caliphs?
To spread and protect Islam
Name two goods Muslim traders carried.
Spices, cloth, glass, steel, or carpets
What tool did Muslim scientists use to study stars and navigate?
Astrolabe
What is an oasis?
A fertile green area in the desert with underground water
What did Bedouins usually eat and drink?
Dried fruits, nuts, milk from animals, and rarely meat
Why did religious leaders in Makkah oppose Muhammad? What did they do as a result of this?
They feared losing power and they wanted to kill Muhammad and tortured his followers.
What is the pilgrimage to Mecca called?
Hajj/Pilgrimage
How did Muslim empires expand?
Through conquest and treaties
What crops did Muslim traders help spread?
Sugar, rice, lemons, cotton, oranges, spinach
Why does Muslim art often use patterns instead of people?
To avoid idol worship
Why did people establish villages near oases, rivers, or trade routes?
Because water and trade were necessary for survival
What is a caravan?
A nomadic group of traveling merchants and animals who trade
What was the Hijrah?
Muhammad’s journey/pilgrimage from Makkah to Yathrib
What are the Five Pillars of Islam also called?
Acts of worship in Islam
How were Christians and Jews treated under Muslim rule?
They were allowed to practice their religion if they paid a tax
What was a bazaar?
A marketplace
Why was it important that Muslim scholars translated Greek, Persian, and Indian texts?
It preserved knowledge that might have been lost
How could the intense climate of Arabia affect travelers?
Extreme heat and sandstorms could blind or endanger travelers
Why were animals important to Bedouin life?
They provided milk, transportation, and survival in the desert
What happened to Islam after Muhammad died in 632 AD?
Islam started to spread across Arabia
Name all 5 Pillars in Arabic
Shahadah, Salat, Sawn, Zakat & Hajj
How did Islam spread to places far from Arabia?
Through trade, conquest, and missionaries
How did keeping business records help Muslim merchants?
It helped them track money and led to banking
How did Islamic beliefs influence Muslim art and architecture?
Artists used patterns, calligraphy, and designs instead of people