Blood
Albumin is a naturally occurring colloid that can be used as a blood product.
What type of fluid is Albumin, and how is it classified?
Because TPN solutions are concentrated and can cause thrombosis of peripheral veins.
Why is TPN often administered through a central venous catheter?
Inflammation and pain around the IV site.
What are two common signs of IV infiltration?
They can cause fluid overload by increasing intravascular fluid volume too quickly.
What can happen if hypertonic IV solutions are infused too rapidly?
Men: 13.5-17.5 g/dL, Women: 12.0-15.5 g/dL.
What are the normal hemoglobin (Hgb) ranges for men and women?
Dextrose should be added to prevent too rapid lowering of blood glucose.
What should be added to the IV solution when a patient with DKA's blood glucose reaches 250 mg/dL?
The patient may feel faint, dizzy, or have a drop in blood pressure.
What symptom might a patient experience if a transfusion reaction includes hypotension?
To prevent hypoglycemia by allowing the pancreas to adjust to the decrease in glucose intake.
Why is TPN tapered down before stopping the infusion?
Perform hand hygiene, don gloves, and use aseptic technique.
What should be done to prevent infection during IV insertion?
Gently rotate the bag to disperse and mix the medications.
What should you do when adding medication to a bag of IV fluids?
Type O-
What blood type is considered the universal donor?
Venospasm is the contraction of a vein as a protective mechanism and may occur after infusion of a cold or irritating substance or if fluid is infused too quickly.
What is venospasm, and when might it occur?
Stop the blood infusion and remove the Y tubing from the main IV line.
What should a nurse do first if a blood transfusion reaction occurs?
To assess the location of the CVAD.
What is the purpose of a chest X-ray (CXR) in relation to a central venous access device (CVAD)?
Name a vesicant medication that could cause IV infiltration if it leaks into surrounding tissue.
They can cause fluid retention, leading to edema and poor electrolyte levels.
Why should hypotonic IV fluids be avoided in patients with heart or kidney failure?
By the patient’s PTT levels.
How is the infusion rate of Heparin determined?
Place a tourniquet around the arm to prevent further complications.
What should you do if the tip of an IV catheter is not intact upon discontinuation?
Platelets control bleeding and are crucial for surviving surgeries, fighting cancer, chronic diseases, and traumatic injuries.
Why are platelets essential during surgeries like organ transplants?
Hypoglycemia.
What is the potential complication of a sudden stop in TPN infusion?
A Grade 3 or Grade 4 infiltration, depending on associated symptoms.
What does the presence of gross edema greater than 6 inches indicate in the Infiltration Scale?
Hypotonic IV fluids.
What type of IV fluid is used to treat patients with hypernatremia?
Serum triglyceride levels, liver function tests (LFTs), and kidney function.
What must be monitored when administering lipids to a patient?
Thrombolytic drugs, or clot-busting drugs, dissolve blood clots by breaking down proteins called fibrins that form clots.
What are thrombolytic drugs, and how do they work?
No, but if the fever is new, medical advice should be sought before proceeding.
Is a fever a contraindication for a blood transfusion?
Apply manual pressure at the insertion site and call for help.
What should you do if a central venous access device (CVAD) becomes dislodged?
Skin blanching, translucence, deep pitting tissue edema, circulatory impairment, moderate to severe pain.
What are some symptoms of a Grade 4 IV infiltration?
Remove the cap from the saline syringe and remove air bubbles.
What is the first step before administering an IVP medication?
Hematocrit by 3% and hemoglobin by 1 g/dL.
How much can one unit of PRBCs increase hematocrit and hemoglobin?
Over 1-5 minutes.
Over what time frame should IV push (IVP) medications be administered?