US Law
Often overlooked in civic classes, this clause in Article VI quietly settles any conflict between state and federal rules, elevating one above the other.
What is the Supremacy Clause?
This 1958 text, drafted by Michel Debré, redefined France’s constitutional order by strengthening the executive and establishing the modern Fifth Republic.
What is the Constitution of 1958?
Identifiable by a paradoxical blend of competitive ferocity and meticulous showmanship, this founding Dude Perfect member—whose on-camera persona oscillates between demolition-level outrage and precision-engineered athletic stunts—has, in multiple episodes, both destroyed the object of a challenge and later narrated its reconstruction with calm authority.
Name this individual.
Answer: Tyler “Ty” Toney
Perfected in the 18th century by James Watt, this innovation added a separate condenser to earlier designs, dramatically increasing efficiency and fueling the Industrial Revolution.
What is the improved steam engine?
This macronutrient category includes starches, sugars, and certain alcohols, and is metabolized first because it requires the least oxygen for ATP production.
What is What are carbohydrates? ?
Although it never uses the word “privacy,” this mid-20th-century Supreme Court case inferred such a right from “penumbras” cast by various constitutional guarantees.
What is Griswold v. Connecticut?
Unlike common-law systems, where precedent is central, France follows this interpretive principle, where judges apply the law strictly as written, with limited creative authority.
What is l’interprétation littérale (textual interpretation)?
This Anatolian civilization, centered at Hattusa, produced the earliest known Indo-European legal code and famously clashed with New Kingdom Egypt at the Battle of Kadesh.
Who were the Hittites?
First theorized by Claude Shannon in 1948, this mathematical framework established limits on data transmission, making modern digital communication—and error correction—possible.
What is information theory?
Deficiency of this fat-soluble vitamin can lead to night blindness because it is required for forming retinal, a molecule essential for low-light vision.
What is vitamin A?
A cornerstone of administrative law, this doctrine—named for a 1984 decision—requires courts to defer to an agency’s interpretation of an ambiguous statute it administers, unless that interpretation is unreasonable.
What is Chevron deference?
This mechanism, introduced in 2010, allows individuals—not just lawmakers—to challenge the constitutionality of laws in force by routing their claim through the Conseil d’État or Cour de cassation.
What is the Question prioritaire de constitutionnalité (QPC)?
This early West African civilization, flourishing around the Niger’s inland delta, developed unique non-centralized urban clusters exemplified by sites like Djenne-Djenno, challenging traditional notions of state formation.
What is the Niger River Urban Tradition (or Djenne-Djenno civilization)?
This 1980s breakthrough in materials science involves creating structures with alternating nanometer-scale layers, enabling giant magnetoresistance—an effect essential to modern hard drive storage.
What is spintronics?
Part of the citric acid cycle, this coenzyme derived from vitamin B3 is crucial for redox reactions by cycling between oxidized and reduced states.
What is NAD⁺/NADH?
This doctrine, sometimes described as having “two prongs,” determines when a law violates the Establishment Clause by examining purpose, effect, and entanglement.
What is the Lemon test?
A hallmark of French administrative law, this judicially created rule holds the administration liable even without fault when individuals suffer abnormal or special harm from lawful state action.
What is responsabilité sans faute (no-fault administrative liability)?
This pre-Aksumite civilization of the Horn of Africa, associated with the temple complex at Yeha, shows strong South Arabian cultural influence and is considered a precursor to classical Ethiopian statehood.
What is the D’mt (or Daʿamat) civilization?
This 20th-century breakthrough—built upon quantum-scale behavior in doped crystalline lattices—enabled switching without vacuum tubes, catalyzing the transition from room-sized machines to integrated circuits.
What is the transistor?
This omega-3 fatty acid, found in marine sources, is preferentially incorporated into neuronal membranes and influences eicosanoid signaling and synaptic plasticity.
What is DHA (docosahexaenoic acid)?
In structural constitutional law, this rarely-invoked principle bars Congress from simultaneously granting jurisdiction to federal courts while stripping them of the power to resolve certain case-dispositive issues—an idea contested in discussions of “partial jurisdiction-stripping.”
What is the unconstitutional “hypothetical jurisdiction” doctrine?
Central to the conceptual foundations of modern French public law, this doctrinal split distinguishes between the abstract, sovereign functions of the state and the concrete, everyday operations of public services—an idea rooted in 19th-century jurisprudence and debated by theorists such as Duguit, Hauriou, and Jèze.
What is the distinction between puissance publique and service public?
Known primarily from fragmentary inscriptions and distinctive megalithic architecture at sites like Kerma, this enigmatic Nilotic civilization rivaled Egypt during the Middle Kingdom and is now seen as a foundational Kushite polity rather than a mere “Egyptian satellite.”
What is the Kerma civilization?
A non-classical correlation violating Bell inequalities, this phenomenon underpins certain quantum communication schemes by allowing spatially separated systems to exhibit jointly defined states with no classical analogue.
What is quantum entanglement?
This regulatory peptide hormone, released in response to macronutrient intake, orchestrates satiety, gastric motility, insulin modulation, and nutrient absorption, acting through a set of receptors including GLP-1R.
What is GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1)?