Enlightenment
This Enlightenment thinker believed in natural rights: life, liberty, and property.
Who is John Locke?
This French prison was stormed on July 14, 1789, marking the start of the Revolution.
What is the Bastille?
Napoleon was finally defeated at this battle in 1815.
What is the Battle of Waterloo?
The Congress of Vienna was held after the defeat of this French leader.
Who is Napoleon Bonaparte?
This term describes loyalty and devotion to one’s nation and shared culture.
What is nationalism?
This French philosopher advocated for freedom of speech and religion.
Who is Voltaire?
The social system in France before the Revolution divided people into these three groups.
What are the Three Estates?
Napoleon’s 1812 invasion of this country was a turning point in his downfall, due to harsh winter conditions and scorched earth tactics.
What is Russia?
This principle guided the Congress of Vienna's decision to restore monarchies to power in Europe.
What is legitimacy?
This Italian nationalist and "Father of Unification" helped unite Italy in the 19th century along with his Red Shirts.
Who is Giuseppe Garibaldi?
Baron de Montesquieu argued for this system in government to prevent tyranny.
What is separation of powers?
This radical phase of the Revolution led to mass executions by guillotine.
What is the Reign of Terror?
What was the Continental System, and what was its goal?
What is an economic blockade designed by Napoleon to isolate and weaken Britain by preventing European trade with them?
Name one major goal of the Congress of Vienna.
What is to restore the balance of power in Europe, prevent future French aggression, or reestablish royal families (legitimacy)?
The unification of Germany was largely achieved under the leadership of this Prussian chancellor.
Who is Otto von Bismarck?
Rousseau believed that legitimate government came from this agreement between people and rulers.
What is the social contract?
This political leader was central to the Reign of Terror before being executed himself.
Who is Robespierre?
The Napoleonic Code spread Enlightenment ideals across Europe but also limited some freedoms. Give one example of how it did both.
What is it promoted legal equality and religious freedom, but restricted women’s rights and reinforced male authority?
How did the Congress of Vienna attempt to prevent future large-scale wars in Europe?
What is by creating a balance of power among European nations and forming alliances like the Concert of Europe?
How did nationalism contribute to the revolutions of 1848 across Europe?
What is nationalist groups demanded independence or unification, challenging multinational empires like Austria and the Ottoman Empire?
Compare John Locke’s and Thomas Hobbes’ views on the state of nature and government. How do they differ?
Locke believed people are naturally reasonable and that government should protect natural rights; Hobbes believed people are naturally selfish and need a strong ruler to maintain order.
Explain one contradiction between Enlightenment ideals and the actions taken during the Reign of Terror.
What is the use of violence and suppression of rights (e.g., freedom of speech, fair trials) in the name of liberty and equality?
Explain how Napoleon’s military campaigns spread both revolutionary ideals and authoritarian rule across Europe.
What is he spread Enlightenment ideas like legal equality and nationalism (e.g., Napoleonic Code), but also installed puppet governments, censored the press, and ruled as a dictator, undermining democratic principles?
Why did the Congress of Vienna fail to prevent revolutions in the long run?
What is because it focused on preserving monarchies and ignored the rising demands for nationalism, democracy, and self-determination?
Discuss the impact of the German unification on the balance of power in Europe.
What is the creation of a powerful unified Germany shifted the balance of power, challenging France and Austria and setting the stage for future European conflicts?