Land Cover and Remote Sensing Basics
Which technology uses satellites to monitor Earth’s surface and is crucial for climate modeling and biodiversity conservation?
A) Geothermal energy
B) Satellite remote sensing
C) Aerial photography
D) GIS mapping
B) Satellite remote sensing
Differences in sun angle and weather conditions cause changes in which factor, often leading to inconsistencies in satellite imagery?
A) Sensor calibration
B) Illumination
C) Geometric distortion
D) Resolution
B) Illumination
AASG derives its training data by identifying which of the following in the landscape?
A) Change pixels
B) Stable pixels
C) Random samples
D) Edge pixels
B) Stable pixels
In the AASG method, which threshold parameter controls how much variation is allowed when selecting stable training pixels?
A) Sigma
B) c
C) Delta
D) Lambda
B) c
What process involves classifying different types of surfaces on Earth and is a key tool for environmental monitoring and land use planning?
A) Weather forecasting
B) Land cover mapping
C) Soil analysis
D) Resource extraction
B) Land cover mapping
Variability in reflectance values due to seasonality, moisture, and atmospheric effects is known as what?
A) Spectral variability
B) Spatial resolution
C) Temporal resolution
D) Data compression
A) Spectral variability
Traditional signature extension methods depend on which process to standardize images before applying a single set of class signatures?
A) Image correction
B) Data fusion
C) Image sharpening
D) Histogram equalization
A) Image correction
Expressed as a percentage, which metric represents the proportion of correctly classified pixels in a map?
A) Producer’s accuracy
B) User’s accuracy
C) Overall accuracy
D) Kappa coefficient
C) Overall accuracy
Mapping land cover types such as forests, urban areas, and wetlands is essential for understanding changes in which natural system?
A) Ecosystem diversity
B) Land cover
C) Ocean currents
D) Atmospheric composition
B) Land cover
Seasonal changes in vegetation—such as leaves falling from deciduous trees—result in which phenomenon that complicates image classification?
A) Atmospheric scattering
B) Phenological change
C) Radiometric calibration
D) Sensor drift
B) Phenological change
Abbreviated as AASG, what is the method that automatically adapts class spectral signatures for each image without needing pre-correction procedures?
A) Automatic Adaptive Signature Generalization
B) Automatic Atmospheric Correction
C) Adaptive Adjustment System for Geodata
D) Automatic Association of Spectral Gradients
A) Automatic Adaptive Signature Generalization
At a threshold value of 0.5, the Jeffries–Matusita distance between class pairs exceeded which value, indicating acceptable separability?
A) 1.0
B) 1.5
C) 1.8
D) 2.0
C) 1.8
A long-term archive of satellite data from which program has been fundamental in advancing techniques for mapping Earth’s land cover?
A) MODIS
B) AVHRR
C) Landsat
D) Sentinel
C) Landsat
What term describes the difficulty of maintaining consistent classification across images captured at different times?
A) Spatial heterogeneity
B) Temporal inconsistency
C) Sensor noise
D) Radiometric error
B) Temporal inconsistency
A key advantage of AASG is its ability to maintain high accuracy even when images are taken in different seasons. This capability is known as:
A) Temporal aliasing
B) Seasonal averaging
C) Temporal generalization
D) Spectral smoothing
C) Temporal generalization
Increasing the threshold parameter c can lead to the inclusion of misclassified pixels, causing what phenomenon that degrades class signatures?
A) Signature refinement
B) Signature contamination
C) Data normalization
D) Spectral sharpening
B) Signature contamination
Which sensor, mounted on Landsat satellites, captures multi-spectral images that help distinguish different land cover types?
A) Landsat TM sensor
B) Landsat ETM+ sensor
C) MODIS sensor
D) QuickBird sensor
A) Landsat TM sensor
Which correction method adjusts images using control points to align spectral characteristics, though it may fail when variations are nonlinear?
A) Absolute correction
B) Relative correction
C) Geometric correction
D) Radiometric correction
B) Relative correction
Which statistical metric, represented by the Greek letter κ, measures the agreement between classified maps and reference data?
A) Root Mean Square Error
B) Kappa coefficient
C) F1 Score
D) Sai correlation
Kappa coefficient
When reporting a κ value of 0.68 ± 0.03, what term describes the range within which the true value is expected to lie?
A) Standard deviation
B) Confidence interval
C) Margin of error
D) Variance
B) Confidence interval