Sampling & Experimental Assignment
A non-probability sampling method generates new potential subjects subjects from suggestions given by other sampled subjects
Snowball sampling
Non-directional phrases and follow-up questions that encourage respondents to elaborate
Probes
The consistency or stability of a measurement; the extent to which a method produces similar results when repeated under the same conditions or by different observers.
Reliability
The principle of protecting identifying information and preventing unauthorized access to identifiable information collected during a study.
Confidentiality
The type of bad survey question that prompts/biases a respondent to answer in a specific way.
Leading question
A probability sampling method where the researcher divides a population into homogeneous subpopulations based on specific characteristics and samples from each group.
Stratified Random Sampling
The ideal structure of questions asked in an in-depth interview.
Open-ended
Type of validity that is concerned with the extent to which a study's results accurately reflect the causal relationship between variables, rather than being due to other factors.
Internal Validity
The ethical framework that states that the most ethical choice is the one that will produce the greatest good for the greatest number
Utilitarianism
The type of bad survey question that asks for a single response to two or more distinct and separate issues (AKA asks two questions in one).
Double-barreled question
Bias that results in the study sample not accurately representing the entire intended target population
Sampling bias
People who are crucial for gaining access a research site, its participants, or information. They are often members of the group you want to observe OR have close connections to them
Gatekeepers
Type of validity that is concerned with the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other situations, populations, or settings.
External Validity
The process where potential participants are fully informed about the study's purpose, procedures, risks, and benefits, and they voluntarily agree to participate after understanding this information.
Obtaining informed consent
The type of data that surveys should ideally generate, using close-ended questions
Quantitative data
The ideal type of assignment to control and treatment groups in experiments that helps rule out confounding variables and increase internal validity
Random assignment
A method of data collection where researchers directly ask open-ended questions to individuals in their natural environment during participant observation or following direct observation.
Field interviewing
Convergent and discriminant validity
The principle of the Belmont Report that emphasizes the importance of treating individuals as autonomous agents.
Respect for persons
When survey takers provide repetitive or similar answers to different questions, often due to fatigue or lack of engagement
Autopilot responses
The type of experimental assignment to control and treatment groups that involves pairing participants based on specific characteristics or variables that are known to be related to the outcome or dependent variables
Matching
The phenomenon where individuals alter their behavior when they are aware of being observed.
The Hawthorne Effect
Type of reliability that assesses the stability of a measurement over time, indicating how well the results remain similar when repeated with the same individuals at different times
Test-retest reliability
The three principles of the Belmont Report
Respect for Persons, Beneficence, Justice
Strength of surveys (name at least 2)
• Target specific variables
• Gather large amounts of data
• Easily repeatable methodology
• Great at assessing attitudes