Cellfie Time!
What two major types of cells exist in all living things?
What are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
What is the function of mitochondria?
What is to convert glucose and oxygen into ATP through cellular respiration?
Who or what is LUCA in biology?
What is the Last Universal Common Ancestor of all cellular life?
Which process breaks down glucose into pyruvate?
What is glycolysis?
How many turns of the Krebs cycle occur per glucose molecule?
What is two turns (one per pyruvate)?
How does Gram staining help in bacterial classification?
What is it distinguishes between thick and thin peptidoglycan layers, aiding in identification and treatment?
Which enzyme is responsible for ATP synthesis in the mitochondria?
What is ATP synthase?
Which evolutionary mechanism is completely random and affects small populations most significantly?
What is genetic drift?
Is photosynthesis anabolic or catabolic? Justify your answer.
What is anabolic because it builds glucose molecules using energy from light?
What are three products of a single Krebs cycle turn?
What are 3 NADH, 1 FADH₂, 1 ATP (or GTP), and 2 CO₂?
Why is the nucleus essential in eukaryotic cells?
What is it stores and protects genetic information and coordinates cellular activities like growth and reproduction?
Describe how substrate concentration impacts enzyme activity.
What is more substrate increases reaction rate until saturation occurs?
Why do homologous structures support common ancestry?
What is they share the same basic anatomy despite different functions, suggesting a shared ancestor?
What is the significance of metabolic pathways having multiple enzymes?
What is regulation, efficiency, and the ability to control the flow of energy and products step-by-step?
Where does the Calvin Cycle occur and what is its main purpose?
What is in the stroma of chloroplasts, to fix CO₂ into glucose?
Explain why viruses challenge the cell theory.
What is they aren’t made of cells, don’t metabolize, and need a host to reproduce?
Why are enzymes reusable, and what conditions destroy them?
What is because they’re not consumed in reactions, but heat, pH, or chemicals can denature them?
Explain how gene flow introduces new traits into a population.
What is migration between populations brings different alleles into the gene pool?
Describe two differences between anabolic and catabolic pathways.
What is anabolic builds and requires energy; catabolic breaks down and releases energy?
Compare and contrast the role of light in light-dependent and light-independent reactions.
What is light directly drives the light-dependent reactions but is not required for the Calvin cycle, which uses the ATP/NADPH produced?
Analyze how the cytoskeleton enhances intracellular transport and cell division.
What is it provides structural support, helps move organelles, and aids mitotic spindle formation during division?
Design a model explaining how coenzymes like NAD+ and FAD facilitate cellular respiration.
What is they carry high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain, enabling ATP production?
Critically evaluate the phrase “survival of the fittest” in light of modern evolutionary biology.
What is fitness refers to reproductive success, not strength; fittest means most suited to an environment.
Explain how enzyme activity can be regulated by environmental feedback.
What is cells can alter pH, temperature, or inhibitors to activate or inhibit enzyme function as needed?
Trace the flow of electrons from water to glucose in photosynthesis, naming key steps and molecules.
What is: H₂O → Photosystem II → Electron transport chain → Photosystem I → NADPH → Calvin Cycle → Glucose?