Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
Where is the chromosome located in prokaryotes (what region)?
In the nucleoid region
What is one function of the cytoskeleton besides maintaining shape?
Transport, anchoring organelles, or forming cilia/flagella.
After the Golgi modifies/sorts/packages proteins, which organelle delivers them to their destination?
vesicle
What molecule carries genetic instructions out of the nucleus?
mRNA
Which two organelles have more than one membrane and have their own DNA
Chloroplasts and mitochondria
What is the function of plasmids in prokaryotes?
They carry extra genes
What kind of protein moves vesicles along cytoskeletal filaments?
Motor proteins (e.g., dynein).
What is the main function of the endomembrane system?
Protein and lipid synthesis and distribution.
What structure within the nucleus makes rRNA?
The nucleolus.
Why do lysosomal enzymes only function in acidic conditions?
They fold correctly only at low pH, preventing damage if they escape.
In which type of cell can ribosomes be attached to the rough ER?
Eukaryotes
What are the three different types of filaments in the cytoskeleton?
actin filaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules
What can types of organelles can vesicles mature into?
lysosomes and peroxisomes
Where are the RNA copies of genes made?
the nucleus
What organelle stores ions, toxins, and pigments in plants?
The central vacuole
Compare the structure of genetic material in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Prokaryotes: single small, circular, supercoiled DNA. Eukaryotes: multiple linear chromosomes.
What anchors the cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane?
Transmembrane proteins that link to cytoskeletal fibers and extracellular matrix.
Where does protein folding and quality control occur?
The rough ER
How do nuclear pores select for certain proteins and RNAs?
Only molecules with the correct amino acid “password” (signal sequence) can pass.
Why are ribosomes not considered organelles?
They lack a surrounding membrane.
Compare protein synthesis in prokaryotes and eukaryotes in terms of ribosome location.
Prokaryotes: free in cytoplasm; Eukaryotes: free in cytoplasm or bound to RER.
What is the filament that a myosin motor protein pulls on in muscle contraction?
actin
___ Golgi receives vesicles from ER and ____ Golgi sends vesicles of proteins to where they function
Cis; Trans
How does information flow from the nucleus to a functional protein?
DNA → RNA copy → Ribosome uses RNA to build proteins.
What is the main structural component of plant cell walls?
Cellulose fibers embedded in a polysaccharide/protein matrix.