Aging and Intelligence
Intelligence test scores tend to remain stable after this age, though they can increase with experience.
What is age 4?
This term refers to the portion of variation in a group that can be attributed to genes.
What is heritability?
Studies show adopted children's intelligence test scores resemble these parents more than their biological parents.
Who are adoptive parents?
This researcher teaches growth mindset to young children, comparing the brain to a muscle.
Who is Carol Dweck?
This phenomenon occurs when expectations influence perceptions and behaviors, potentially affecting test performance.
What is stereotype threat?
While older adults may lose processing speed, they gain these two specific cognitive assets.
What are vocabulary and knowledge?
If environments become more equal, the differences in intelligence that remain are primarily due to this.
What are genes?
As adopted children grow older, their verbal ability scores become more like these family members.
Who are their biological parents?
A growth mindset is a focus on learning and this, rather than viewing intelligence as fixed.
What is growing?
On spatial ability tests, this gender tends to outperform on mental rotation tasks.
Who are males?
This type of intelligence, measured by reasoning ability, tends to decline with age starting around the twenties.
What is fluid intelligence (Gf)?
This is what happens to heritability estimates when environmental differences between people decrease.
What is increases?
Adoption studies help us untangle these two factors that influence intelligence.
What are genes and environment?
This type of mindset is the belief that abilities, intelligence, and talents are innate and unchangeable, meaning they cannot be developed through effort or practice
What is a fixed mindset?
Group differences in intelligence test scores are primarily explained by this factor rather than genetics and environment.
What are cultural factors?
This type of intelligence, reflecting accumulated knowledge, can increase into old age.
What is crystallized intelligence (Gc)?
The portion of variation in intelligence among individuals that can be attributed to genes.
What is 50-80%?
Studies show that adoptive siblings share this with each other, which is a key environmental factor.
What is a home environment?
According to Carol Dweck's key idea, this is the focus of a person with a growth mindset.
What is learning and growing?
This factor, widened by economic inequality, is directly linked to a larger intelligence score gap between rich and poor.
What is the income/wealth gap?
This is the specific decade when mathematicians and scientists are most likely to produce their most creative work, where their fluid intelligence is at it's peak.
What are their late 20s to 30s?
This term describes the concept that intelligence is influenced by many genes, not just one.
What is polygenic?
Adoptive siblings are used in studies because they share this major environmental factor, but not these.
What is a home environment (shared) and genes (not shared)?
This is the core belief of a person with a fixed mindset about their abilities.
What is that they are unchangeable?
In cultures with equal education, girls tend to outperform boys in these four specific areas.
What are spelling, reading, verbal fluency, and locating objects?