Fever
This condition occurs when a patient has both a fever and a very low neutrophil count.
What is febrile neutropenia?
In this diagnosis we see an anion gap metabolic acidosis with arterial pH ≤7.3, bicarbonate ≤15 mmol/L, positive ketones, and typically glucose ≥14.0 mmol/L.
What is diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?
These peripheral signs of chronic liver disease, including spider angiomas, palmar erythema, and gynecomastia, are largely due to elevated levels of this hormone caused by impaired liver metabolism.
What is estrogen?
This score classifies cirrhosis into A, B, or C using bilirubin, albumin, INR, ascites, and encephalopathy.
What is the Child-Pugh score?
This condition is diagnosed when both fever and neutropenia are present; recall the temperature thresholds, ANC cutoffs, and severity classifications.
What is febrile neutropenia — defined as a single oral temperature ≥38.3°C or ≥38.0°C for more than 1 hour, plus an ANC ≤1.0 × 10⁹/L (moderate: 0.5–1.0; severe: ≤0.5)?
Name the four diagnostic thresholds required to diagnose diabetes mellitus based on glucose or HbA1c criteria.
What are:
Fasting glucose ≥7.0 mmol/L
HbA1c ≥6.5%
2-hour 75 g OGTT ≥11.1 mmol/L
Random glucose ≥11.1 mmol/L?
This non-invasive test measures liver stiffness.
What is a FibroScan?
This score is calculated using bilirubin, INR, creatinine, and sodium and is used to prioritize patients for liver transplantation.
What is the MELD-Na score?
In addition to standard labs (CBC, renal, liver function), name the initial infection work-up for febrile neutropenia.
What are Blood cultures ×2 from peripheral veins + central line if present, Urine culture, Chest X-ray, Other tests as indicated by symptoms: skin exam, sputum if present, stool + C. difficile if diarrhea, additional imaging as needed
In individuals with recurrent severe hypoglycemia +/- hypoglycemia unawareness, frailty +/- dementia, or limited life expectancy, the recommended HbA1c target falls within this range.
What is 7.1-8.5%?
Name three peripheral stigmata of chronic liver disease visible on physical exam.
What are:
Spider angiomas
Palmar erythema
Dupuytren’s contracture
....
Clinical signs of DVT, PE being most likely diagnosis, heart rate >100, recent immobilization at least 3 days OR surgery in previous 4 weeks, history of DVT/PE, hemoptysis, and active malignancy to stratify pulmonary embolism risk.
What is Well's Score for PE?
After obtaining cultures in a neutropenic patient with fever, this treatment must be started immediately with this additional drug added if the patient remains febrile after 72 hours.
What are broad-spectrum with Pseudomonas coverage. Add vancomycin if still febrile after 72 hours
Name five common triggers for diabetic ketoacidosis
What are Intoxication, Infarction (MI/Stroke), Insulin deficiency (missed doses), Infection, Iatrogenic?
Name 5 complications associated with decompensated cirrhosis
What are:
Hepatic encephalopathy, Varices, ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, hepatorenal syndrome, or hepatopulmonary syndrome, hepatic hydrothorax
This system classifies COPD using spirometry, symptom scores, and exacerbation history to guide therapy and risk stratification.
What is the GOLD classification?
In empiric therapy for febrile neutropenia, broad-spectrum antibiotics must include Pseudomonas coverage. Name three commonly used antibiotics that provide this coverage.
What are piperacillin-tazobactam, cefepime, ceftazidime, or a carbapenem like meropenem/imipenem?
Name 8 classes anti-hyperglycaemic agents
What are:
Biguanides
Sulfonylureas
Meglitinides (Glinides)
Thiazolidinediones (TZDs)
DPP‑4 inhibitors
SGLT2 inhibitors
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
Insulin
GLP‑1 receptor agonists
The indications for TIPS in cirrhosis include ___ and ___.
What are refractory ascites and recurrent or refractory variceal bleeding?
Diagnosed when a patient meets at least two of the following: abnormal temperature, elevated heart rate, rapid breathing or low PaCO₂, and abnormal white blood cell count, and can result from infection or other systemic stressors.
What is SIRS (Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome)?