Types of force
This force pulls objects toward Earth and makes things fall when you drop them.
What is gravity?
When you turn on a light bulb, this type of energy changes into light (and also some heat).
What is electrical energy transforming into light energy (and thermal energy)?
This physical property tells how hot a star’s surface is and determines whether it looks red, yellow, or blue.
What is temperature?
This motion of Earth causes day and night as our planet spins on its axis
What is Earth’s rotation?
This law states that matter is not created or destroyed in living systems, only rearranged.
What is the Law of Conservation of Mass?
This force opposes motion when two surfaces rub against each other, like shoes on the floor.
What is friction?
A battery-powered flashlight begins with stored chemical energy that becomes this kind of energy before producing light.
What is chemical energy transforming into electrical energy (then light energy)?
This property describes how big a star is, with stars ranging from Earth‑sized white dwarfs to enormous supergiants.
What is size (or radius)?
Earth takes about one year to complete this movement around the Sun
What is Earth’s revolution?
In photosynthesis, plants transform light energy into this form of energy stored in sugar molecules.
What is chemical energy?
The support force from a surface that pushes up on an object resting on it (like a book on a table).
What Is the normal force?
On a roller coaster, the energy at the very top of the first hill mostly transforms into this energy as the coaster speeds downward
What is potential energy transforming into kinetic energy?
This is the total amount of energy a star gives off each second; it is not the same as how bright the star appears from Earth.
What is luminosity?
These changes in the Moon’s appearance are caused by its position relative to Earth and the Sun
What are the phases of the Moon?
This process releases energy from glucose in cells while conserving atoms by rearranging them into carbon dioxide and water.
What is cellular respiration?
The pulling force transmitted through a rope, string, or cable when it is stretched tight.
What is tension?
In a hydroelectric dam, water stored high up transforms its energy into motion, which then helps produce this form of energy.
What is gravitational potential energy transforming into kinetic energy and then electrical energy?
This physical property is the most important because it determines how fast a star uses its fuel and how long it will live.
What is mass?
Earth’s seasons are mainly caused by this feature of our planet combined with its revolution around the Sun
What is Earth’s tilted axis?
During photosynthesis and cellular respiration, atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are conserved and move through this cycle on Earth
What is the carbon cycle (or cycling of matter)?
This force acts opposite an object’s motion through air (or another fluid) and usually increases as speed increases.
What is air resistance (drag)?
In many power plants, burning fuel starts with chemical energy, which becomes heat, then motion (turbine spinning), and finally this energy used in homes.
What is chemical → thermal → mechanical (kinetic) → electrical energy?
By studying a star’s spectrum, astronomers learn this property, which shows that stars are made mostly of hydrogen and helium
What is chemical composition?
This force between Earth and the Moon is the main cause of ocean tides on Earth.
What is gravity?
This law of thermodynamics explains that energy is conserved in living systems but changes form, often releasing some energy as heat.
What is the First Law of Thermodynamics?