Classical Basics
This psychologist is best known for conditioning dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell.
Who is Ivan Pavlov?
The reappearance of a conditioned response after a rest period following extinction.
What is spontaneous recovery?
A learned dislike for a food after it is followed by illness, often after one exposure.
What is taste aversion?
A consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again.
What is reinforcement?
Reinforcing a behavior every single time it occurs.
What is a continuous reinforcement schedule?
Learning by watching others rather than through direct experience.
What is observational learning?
After getting food poisoning from shrimp, Maya feels nauseous every time she smells seafood - even years later. This is an example of ________.
What is taste aversion?
A stimulus that naturally triggers a response without prior learning.
What is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?
Responding similarly to stimuli that resemble the conditioned stimulus.
What is stimulus generalization?
The idea that organisms are biologically predisposed to form certain associations.
What is biological preparedness?
Gradually reinforcing closer and closer approximations of a desired behavior.
What is shaping?
Reinforcement based on the number of responses made.
What is a ratio schedule?
This theory emphasizes learning through modeling and imitation.
What is social learning theory?
The following is an example of ___________ conditioning. After several visits, the sound of a dentist’s drill alone causes anxiety
What is classical?
The learned response to a previously neutral stimulus.
What is the conditioned response (CR)?
Learning to respond only to a specific conditioned stimulus.
What is stimulus discrimination?
Learning that occurs after only one pairing of stimuli.
What is one-trial conditioning?
The principle stating that behaviors followed by favorable consequences are more likely to recur.
What is the Law of Effect?
Reinforcement given after a varying number of responses, producing high, steady response rates.
What is a variable-ratio schedule?
Learning that occurs without reinforcement and is not demonstrated until there is an incentive.
What is latent learning?
Identify the consequence: A rat presses a lever to stop a loud noise from playing.
What is negative reinforcement?
The phase in which the neutral stimulus is paired repeatedly with the UCS.
What is acquisition?
When a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus by being paired with an existing CS.
What is higher-order conditioning?
A behavioral therapy technique that pairs a negative stimulus with an unwanted behavior.
What is counterconditioning?
This occurs when a person or animal repeats a behavior because it was accidentally reinforced, such as wearing “lucky socks” after a big win.
What is superstition?
Reinforcement delivered after a fixed amount of time, often producing a “scalloped” pattern.
What is a fixed-interval schedule?
Sudden problem-solving insight without trial and error.
What is insight learning?
The US in the following scenario is _______. Flower shop employee Seymour is very accident prone. He tends to accidently nick his fingers when using the gardening sheers. Overtime just hearing someone using the sheers is enough to make is fingers hurt.
What is cutting his fingers?
The weakening of a conditioned response when the CS is no longer paired with the UCS.
What is extinction?
A form of learning in which repeated exposure to a stimulus decreases responsiveness. For example: after moving next to train tracks, Jordan no longer notices the sound of trains passing at night.
What is habituation?
This occurs when an animal returns to instinctive behaviors instead of learned ones.
What is instinctive drift?
A condition in which repeated exposure to uncontrollable punishment leads to a belief that actions do not matter. For example: a student studies the night before a test, fails, and later believes studying will never help - so they stop trying altogether.
What is learned helplessness?
Reinforcement given after unpredictable time intervals, producing slow but steady responses.
What is a variable-interval schedule?
This condition occurs when repeated exposure to uncontrollable events leads to a belief that effort doesn’t matter.
What is learned helplessness?
___________ is the consequence in the following scenario. During class, Maya repeatedly talks while the teacher is giving instructions. Each time Maya talks, the teacher assigns her extra detention minutes after school. After several days, Maya talks less during class.
What is positive punishment?