BIO 104 Review & Course Intro
The sum total of a living organism's DNA, including coding & non-coding sequences.
What is a genome?
This strain of S. pneumoniae is virulent (lethal) due to a polysaccharide coat
What is S strain?
This rule states that the ratio of A = T and the ratio of C = G was always equal regardless of species.
What are Chargaff's rules?
The majority of prokaryotic genomes is this type of DNA that codes for proteins.
What are exons? (85-95% of prokaryotic genome)
This famous electron microscope image demonstrates the flexibility and higher order structure of the eukaryotic genome.
What are "beads on a string"?
A type of cell with membrane-bound organelles like the nucleus.
What is eukaryotic?
Many mice died (sad) as a result of this experiment under certain kinds of conditions.
What is the Griffith experiment? (Conditions are living S & heat-killed S + living R)
This scientist found the structure of DNA using a dangerous, highly radioactive experimentation technique.
Who is Rosaland Franklin?
The first step of molecular cloning involves preparation of a special type of DNA.
What is a vector? (plasmid is OK)
Nucleosomes are comprised of DNA and this protein octamer.
What is a histone?
Draw a hydrogen bond between two water molecules, labeling partial charges and indicating donor/acceptor.
See slides 11 - 12 of Lecture 1
Transformation did NOT occur only when heat-killed S strain bacteria were treated with this enzyme
What is DNAse?
In 1953, a double helix model was published after these scientists built accurate, to-scale models of potential DNA structures.
Who are Watson & Crick?
A term for artificial DNA made up of genetic material from 2 or more species.
What is recombinant DNA?
The winding of nucleosomes condenses into these unique loop structures.
What are solenoids?
The main polymer in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells walls.
What are chitin and cellulose?
The difference between DNA and protein can be radioactively labeled in this experiment.
What is the Hershey & Chase experiment? (DNA has 32-P and protein has 35-S)
RNA never stood a chance against DNA and was "neglected" in the early days because of these differences.
What are:
1. extra -OH prone to hydrolysis
2. single-strand vulnerability
3. susceptible to mutation
Restriction enzymes are used to prepare the vector for an insert and belong to this class of enzymes.
What are endonucleases?
Wrapping up DNA is good, but you need to un-wrap it with a certain type of enzyme for replication, transcription, etc.
What are chromatin remodeling complexes?
A thermodynamic force allowing nonpolar entities to cluster together in an aqueous solution.
What are hydrophobic interactions/effect?
Bacteriophage heads were separated from infected bacteria in this step.
What is centrifugation? (supernatant = heads, pellet = bacteria)
A phosphodiester bond is covalently strung between these two carbon atoms.
What are 3' (directly on ring) and 5' (connected to phosphate)?
Transformation is a finicky process that we, as scientists, try to control with these two factors.
What are heat shock and calcium?
Nucleosomes can be dissociated with this type of experimental treatment.
What is salt? (heat OK)