DNA Replication
This asymmetrical Y-shaped structure forms after DNA helicase unwinds the double helix for the start of replication.
What is a replication fork?
In Bacteria, this factor binds both to the promoter and RNA polymerase to ensure proper positioning.
What is Sigma Factor?
This is being searched for by the ribosome around the 5′ end of RNA.
What is a start codon?
The base that replaces thymine after DNA is transcribed into RNA.
What is uracil?
These areas are looked at when performing evolutionary tracing.
What are conserved amino acids?
These bonds connect one monosaccharide to the next in the backbone of the DNA double helix.
What are phosphodiester bonds?
This enzyme is necessary for RNA molecules to be synthesized from a DNA template.
What is RNA polymerase?
The process by which the spliceosome can produce the mRNA template for several different but related proteins from the same section of pre-mRNAs.
What is alternative splicing?
Errors that arise from issues such as single nucleotide changes and point mutations.
What are splicing errors?
The amino acids that form proteins are referred to by this name because of their specific spatial arrangement around the central carbon.
What are L-amino acids?
It is the job of this protein to prevent hairpin loops from forming on ssDNA during replication.
What are single stranded binding proteins?
A permanent change in a sequence of DNA.
What is a mutation?
After escorting charged tRNAs to the A-site, this elongation factor prevents peptide bond formation while it checks for proper anticodon-amino acid pairing on the charged tRNA.
What is EF-Tu?
The product of ribosomes reading the genetic code of mRNA during translation that are the building blocks of protein structure.
What is an amino acid sequence?
The action of cutting a DNA molecule into smaller fragments using restriction enzymes which act like molecular scissors.
What is to digest?
A type of DNA repair where no nucleotides are lost and keeps a very high level of fidelity.
What is homologous recombination?
This enzyme adds bases onto the 3’ end of mRNA which were not coded for in the DNA sequence.
What is Poly-A polymerase?
This synthetase is able to edit and remove any amino acid that should not be attached.
What is aminoacyl tRNA?
These 2 initiation factors bind to the 5’ end of mRNA allowing for the small ribosomal subunit to find the end and move from there to an AUG start signal.
What are elF4G and elF4E?
A four-way DNA intermediate structure that forms during homologous recombination, where DNA strands from different homologous chromosomes are exchanged.
What is Holliday junction?
Short, discontinuous DNA pieces that are synthesized on the lagging strand during DNA replication.
What are Okazaki Fragments?
This snRNP displaces the BBP and U2AF at the branch point during intron splicing.
What is U2?
A large protein complex that functions to remove introns from pre-mRNA and joins the remaining exons into a mature mRNA.
What is a spliceosome?
This is the direction in which RNA polymerase moves along the antisense strands when constructing the mRNA transcript.
What is a 3′ to 5′ direction?
What mobile DNA sequences are considered “parasitic” and can split in the colonized genomes.
What are Transposons?