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BIG FRANK
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100
This first line of defense structure is produced by the epidermis, where tightly packed keratinized cells form a mechanical barrier that prevents pathogens from entering the body. It continuously sheds dead skin cells, removing microbes, and contains Langerhans cells, which detect invaders and trigger an immune response. It provides protection against bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus, fungi, and viruses like HPV.
What is intact skin?
100
This first line of defense structure is produced by a combination of sebum (from sebaceous glands) and sweat (from eccrine glands), forming a low-pH (4.5-5.5) barrier on the skin's surface. It inhibits bacterial and fungal growth, disrupts pathogen membranes, and supports beneficial skin flora. It helps protect against Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans.
What is the acid mantle?
100
(First Line of Defense) – What are microscopic, hair-like projections that line the respiratory tract and fallopian tubes, produced by epithelial cells with microtubule support to move mucus, debris, and eggs? Activated by irritants and infections, they use ATP-driven motor proteins to beat rhythmically. Their function is to trap and clear pathogens like Streptococcus pneumoniae and Influenza virus, preventing lung infections and aiding reproductive health.
What is Cilia?
100
This first line of defense structure is formed in the epidermis and its function is to provide resistance against acids, alkalis, and bacterial enzymes.
What is keratin?
100
First Line: What is the name of the acidic fluid produced by parietal cells in the stomach, located in the stomach, that is activated in response to food intake or the presence of pathogens, and helps kill harmful bacteria and prevent infection?
What is Gastric Juice
200
This is a general term for a molecule/ substance that can originate from inside or outside the body and functions to provoke an immune response.
What is an antigen?
200
This type of antibody is found in mucosal secretions such as saliva, tears, and breast milk, and plays a key role in protecting mucous membranes from infections. It is produced in the plasma cells of mucosal tissues and transported into secretionary fluids like saliva and tears.
What is IGA
200
This type of antibody is the first to be produced during an initial immune response and is primarily found in the blood and lymphatic fluid. It is produced by plasma cells in the spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow.
What is IGM
200
This type of antibody is involved in allergic reactions and helps protect against parasitic infections by triggering the release of histamine from mast cells and basophils. IgE is produced by plasma cells in the lymphoid tissues of mucosal surfaces, such as the respiratory tract, skin, and gastrointestinal tract
What is IGE
200
This type of antibody is primarily located on the surface of immature B cells, where it plays a role in initiating B cell activation. It is produced by plasma cells in the bone marrow and is primarily found on the surface of naïve B cells.
What is IGD
300
These second line defense specialized immune cells act as the body's scavengers, engulfing and digesting pathogens that breach the first line of defense. Found patrolling the blood, tissues, and key immune organs like the spleen, liver, and lungs, they play a crucial role in both innate and adaptive immunity.
What are phagocytes?
300
(Second Line of Defense)
What is the body’s rapid, non-specific reaction to injury or infection, triggered by histamines, cytokines, and prostaglandins to recruit immune cells? Activated when immune receptors detect pathogens or damage, it causes redness, swelling, heat, and pain to fight infections like E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus, isolating threats and promoting healing.
What is Inflammatory Response
300
This second line of defense response is regulated by the hypothalamus and functions to raise internal temperature, inhibiting bacterial multiplication.
What is fever?
300
This second line of defense molecule is primarily produced by macrophages and functions to cause cell killing, attract granulocytes, and activate T cells and macrophages.
What is Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)?
300
Second Line: What is the name of the group of proteins produced by liver and immune cells, found in blood plasma and tissue fluids, that work together to destroy pathogens by forming pores in their membranes, enhance phagocytosis, and promote inflammation?
What are Complement Proteins
400
"As part of the body's first line of defense, this moist inner lining of organs such as the nose, mouth, lungs, and stomach secretes mucus to trap pathogens and prevent them from entering deeper tissues. One of the ways it is activated by epithelial and immune cells within the mucosa containing PRRs, such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and NOD-like receptors (NLRs), which detect pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). It serves as a protective coating and helps in excess inflammation."
"What is mucosa?"
400
"These immune cells, part of the body's second line of defense, are found in the bone marrow, liver, uterus, spleen, and lungs, and they target and destroy virus-infected or cancerous cells as part of the innate immune response. They are activated in one of two ways: Loss of MHC Class I Expression ("Missing Self" Recognition) and Activation by Stress Ligands ("Induced Self" Recognition). These cells release perforin, which forms pores in the target cell membrane. Granzymes enter through these pores, inducing apoptosis (programmed cell death). They interact with dendritic cells, macrophages, and T cells."
What are natural killer cells?
400
This third line of defense structure is produced by activated T cells during the immune response, are located in the peripheral blood and lymph organs, and trigger an effective immune response by quickly recognizing and responding to previously recognized pathogens.
What are memory t cells?
400
This first line of defense structure is produced by hair follicles, located in the nasal vestibule and trap particles and filter air to protect against pathogens.
What are nasal hairs
400
Second line of defense occuring in tissues all through the body triggered by injury or infection promoting healing through increasing blood flow, recruiting immune cells, and releasing signaling molecules like cytokines.
What is Inflammatory response?
500
(Third Line of Defense)
– What are immune cells like dendritic cells and macrophages that engulf pathogens, display antigens, and activate T cells? Produced in the bone marrow, they detect invaders, triggering targeted immune responses against threats like Mycobacterium tuberculosis and HIV, ensuring precise pathogen elimination.
What are Antigen-Presenting Cells
500
Third Line: This antibody found in the blood and other extracellular fluids can cross the placenta to help protect newborns from infections. It is produced when a B cell binds to an atigen and receives activation signals from T cells.
What is IGG (Amino globuline)
500
"These immune cells, a key part of the body's third line of defense, are primarily found in lymphoid tissues such as the bone marrow, spleen, tonsils, and lymph nodes, as well as in mucosal sites like the lungs and intestines, where they identify and eliminate infected or cancerous cells by recognizing abnormal antigens. This cell activates when an APC presents a foreign antigen on MHC class I with co-stimulatory signals. They target infected or cancerous cells displaying intracellular antigens on MHC class I.
"What are cytotoxic T cells?"
500
As part of the body's third line of defense, these white blood cells, located in the lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, intestines, bone marrow, and thymus, activate B cells to produce antibodies and direct cytotoxic T cells to eliminate infected cells. They do not directly kill infected cells but instead act as immune system coordinators. It is activated through one of two processes: Antigen Recognition or Co-Stimulation. They can either split into differing Helper T (Th1, Th2, Th17) or activate other immune cells (B-cells and macrophages). It also may turn into a memory cell.
What are helper T cells?
500
This third line of defense cell is produced in bone marrow, matured in the thymus, and located in the bloodstream and lymph organs. They prevent excessive inflammation and balance the body’s reaction to infection to control the immune response.
What are Regulatory t cells?