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Blood and Blood Typing
Heart Anatomy and Blood Flow
Heart Physiology
Blood Vessels
Cardiac Output and Blood Pressure
100
Name one of the 3 main functions performed by blood.
1. Transportation - Blood delivers oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body. 2. Regulation - Regulates fluid pH and body temperature. 3. Protection - Platelets in the blood produce blood clots to prevent excessive blood loss and white blood cells help to fight infection.
100
What is the name of the vessel that carries blood away from the left ventricle?
The acending aorta.
100
What component of the cardiac conduction system is referred to as the "pacemaker" of the heart?
The SA node.
100
What is the center, hollow part of the blood vessel through which blood flows called?
The lumen
100
Define the terms vasodilation and vasoconstriction. Which causes an increase in blood pressure?
Vasodilation is an increase of the size of the lumen, and vasoconstriction is a decrease in the size of the lumen. Vasoconstriction.
200
Which of the following blood cells (basophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils) are classified granular?
Basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils.
200
Name the 3 layers of the heart from the most superficial to deepest layer.
Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium.
200
Define the terms diastole and systole.
Diastole: relaxation phase of the heart Systole: contraction phase of the heart
200
Which type of blood vessel experiences the highest blood pressure and are often called pressure reservoirs?
elastic arteries
200
What are two factors that directly influence cardiac output?
Stroke volume and heart rate.
300
What mineral is needed for blood clotting to occur?
Calcium
300
Describe 2 microscopic characteristics of cardiac muscle cells.
They are striated, branched, have one centrally located nucleus, are held together by intercalated discs, and have many gap junctions and desmosomes between adjacent cells.
300
What is the refractory period as it relates to the contraction of cardiac muscle tissue?
Time when the second contraction cannot occur.
300
What is the name of the blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta where the exchange of gases and nutrients with the mother's blood occurs? The name of the vessel that carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus?
The umbilical artery. The umbilical vein.
300
What do the 2 numbers indicate when recording a person's blood pressure?
Top, larger number: the systolic pressure (pressure in arteries when the heart is contracting) Bottom, smaller number: the diastolic pressure (pressure in arteries when the heart is relaxing)
400
People with which blood type (A, B, AB, or O) are classified as universal donors? Universal recipients?
Universal donors: O Universal recipients: AB
400
The tricuspid valve prevents the backflow of blood from the __________ to the ___________. The pulmonary semilunar valve prevents backflow from the ____________ to the ____________.
The right ventricle to the right atrium. Pulmonary trunk to the right ventricle.
400
Describe the action potential of a myocyte? What are the major ions involved and in which direction are they flowing at each phase of the action potential?
Depolarization/Rising phase: Na+ flows in. Plateau: Ca2+ flows in, and K+ begins to flow out. Repolarization/Falling phase: K+ flows out.
400
Describe the function of each of the following in the hepatic portal system: The hepatic portal vein, the hepatic vein, the common hepatic artery
Hepatic portal vein: Delivers blood that contains nutrients and toxins absorbed from the digestive system to the liver. Hepatic vein: Delivers blood from the liver to the inferior vena cava. Hepatic artery: Delivers oxygenated blood to the liver.
400
Name 3 factors that would increase stroke volume.
Increasing contractility, increasing preload, decreasing afterload.
500
Approximately how much blood is found in the human body? What is its pH? Where does hemopoiesis (blood cell formation) occur in adults?
4-6 liters. ~7.35-7.45. In the red bone marrow.
500
Describe the route of blood flow through the heart and lungs. Be sure to include all chambers, valves, and major vessels. Start with the right atrium.
Right atrium -> Right AV/tricuspid valve -> Right ventricle -> Pulmonary semilunar valve -> Pulmonary trunk -> Pulmonary arteries -> Lungs -> Pulmonary veins -> Left atrium -> Left AV/bicuspid/mitral valve -> Left ventricle -> Aortic semilunar valve -> Aorta
500
On an ECG (electrocardiogram) what electrical event does the P wave, QRS complex, and T wave indicate is occurring in the heart? What mechanical events occur in the heart after each respective wave?
P wave: Atrial depolarization; contraction of the atria QRS complex: Ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization; contraction of the ventricles and relaxation of the atria T wave: Ventricular repolarization; relaxation of the ventricles
500
List the five types of blood vessels in their correct order as the blood leaves the heart, flows through the body, and returns to the heart. Which structure has the greatest blood pressure? The least?
Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins. Arteries. Veins.
500
Name 2 hormones that would increase blood pressure and one hormone that would decrease it.
Increase: Adrenaline (epinephrine, norepinephrine), antidiuretic hormone (ADH), aldosterone. Decrease: Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP).