Pleural Effusion
The type of effusion that is thick, proteinaceous, and cellular is called
What is exudative effusions
Risk factors for pneumonia include (at least 3)
What are aspiration of food, bronchiectasis, being immunocompromised, recent travel. lung disease, and smoking history?
Pulmonary vascular resistance increases due to
What is hypoxia?
(hypoxia causes hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction to shunt blood away from poorly ventilated areas)
Hypercapnia causes respiratory
What is acidosis?
(CO2 reacts with water to form carbonic acid (H2CO3), which then dissociates into bicarbonate (HCO3–) and hydrogen (H+) ions)
Pleural effusion due to pneumonia is caused by
What is capillary inflammation?
Pneumonia overcomes immune defense mechanisms like (at least 2)
What are mucociliary clearance, cough reflex, and alveolar macrophages?
Pulmonary hypertension can cause
What is cor pulmonale?
(right ventricle now has to pump against higher pressure -> acute strain or failure of the right ventricle = cor pulmonale)
The body is better at tolerating (hypoxia or hypercapnia)
What is hypercapnia?
The procedure done to determine the cause of the pleural effusion is called
What is thoracentesis (pleural tap)
Hypoxemia develops as a result of pneumonia due to
What is impaired gas exchange?
(alveoli become filled with exudate, fibrin, neutrophils, and bacteria)
Clinical manifestations of RHF include: (at least 3)
What is jugular venous distension, hepatomegaly, peripheral edema?
Pneumonia can cause hypercapnia by
What is ventilation/perfusion (V̇/Q̇) mismatching?
(increased pathologic dead space due to fluid entering the alveoli -> Gas exchange drops, and the CO2 starts to build up in the alveolus and the blood)
Pleural effusion is excess accumulation of pleural fluid greater than _______ mL
What is 15 mL?
The main treatment protocol for pneumonia is
What is amoxicillin + a macrolide?
Respiratory distress due to pneumonia manifests as: (at least 2)
What is ↑ heart rate, ↑ respiratory rate, use of accessory muscles, cyanosis, and confusion.
Increased PaCO2 triggers chemoreceptors in the
What is medulla and periphery (aortic arch and carotid arteries)?
The main three factors measured in thoracentesis (pleural tap) are:
What is pleural serum/protein ratio, pleural/serum lactate dehydrogenase ratio, and pleural lactate dehydrogenase
exudate needs 1 met: 1) >.5, 2) >.6, and 3) > 200 mL
What are empiric antibiotics (ex. ceftriaxone)?
A complicated effusion is an effusion that contains
What is bacteria?
(Our patient had a negative gram stain so NOT a complicated effusoin)
The main compensation mechanisms for metabolic acidosis are:
What is increased minute ventilation and renal bicarbonate retention?