Key Concepts
This term refers to learning a language naturally through communication
acquisition
What are affective factors?
These factors include emotions like anxiety and motivation
“Womens” is an example of which type of error?
overgeneralization
Language learners must receive_______to learn effectively
input
What is the grammar–translation method?
This method focuses on grammar rules and translation
What is learning according to the chapter?
learning is a conscious study and focus on grammar rules
What is instrumental motivation?
motivation for practical goals like exams or jobs
What is transfer?
Using L1 structure in L2
Input must be ___________ to be useful
comprehensible
What the audiolingual method uses?
This method uses repetition and drills
What is ESL?
This term describes learning a language in a country where it is spoken
What is integrative motivation?
motivation about joining a culture/community
What is positive transfer?
When L1 helps L2 learning
Producing language (speaking/writing) is called ________?
output
What are communicative approaches?
This modern approach focuses on real communication
What is EFL?
This term describes learning a language outside its environment
What is fossilization?
This happens when learning stops and errors become permanent
What is negative transfer?
When L1 causes mistakes in L2
What is negotiated input?
Input improved through interaction and clarification
What are communicative approaches emphisize?
These approaches emphisize language function, not just form
What is interlanguage?
This term describes the language system between L1 and L2
The best age range for effective L2 learning (according to the chapter)
10–16 years old
How are errors interpreted in modern educational approaches?
They are seen as signs of learning progress.
What is communicative competence?
The ability to communicate effectively and appropriately
In modern teaching, errors are treated as _________ and _________
natural and acceptable