Show:
Physical Development
Sensory & Perceptual Development
Cognitive Development & Memory
Social & Personality Development
Language Development
100
True or False. Pruning eliminates unnecessary pathways and connections after each burst of synaptogenesis.
True
100
True or False. A newborns’ visual acuity is better than their auditory acuity.
False
100
What is Piaget’s first stage of development, in which infants use information from their senses and motor actions to learn about the world referred to as?
Sensorimotor Stage
100
Freud emphasized the _____ relationship between the mother and young infant, in which the two behave similarly to one another.
Symbiotic
100
____ is defined as making repetitive vowel sounds, particularly the “uuu” sound.
Cooing
200
Which of the following age groups’ brains posses the greatest amount of plasticity? A) Adolescents B) Older Adults C) Infants
C) Infants
200
In studying perceptual development researchers use all of the following except: A) Habituation B) Dishabituation C) Modeling D) Operant Conditioning
C) Modeling
200
Which of the following is the understanding that an object continues to exist even when it cannot be seen? A) A-not-B Error B) Object Permanence C) Deferred Imitation D) Primary Circular Behavior
B) Object Permanence
200
Which of the following is an ecological approach to social and personality development that proposes evolutionary forces have endowed infants with genes that predispose them to form emotional bonds with their caregivers. A) Secure Theory B) Attachment Theory C) Symbiotic Theory
B) Attachment Theory
200
Which of the following is defined as the ability to produce, as well, as understand, and respond to meaningful words? A) Expressive Language B) Receptive Language C) Telegraphic Speech
A) Expressive Language
300
The sequence of myelinization follows both __(1)__ and __(2)__ patterns.
1) Cephalocaudal 2) Proximodistal
300
Newborns can taste ____, which is the characteristic flavor that comes from adding monosodium glutamate (MSG) to food & which is typical of high-protein foods that are high in glutamates.
Umami
300
_____ occurs in the absence of the model who first demonstrated it. This is only possible in substage 6 since it requires some kind of internal representation
Deferred Imitation
300
What does Erickson propose occurs during an infant’s first two years and what are important factors that contribute to this development?
Erickson believed that in addition to nursing and weaning, an infant’s entire social environment is important in their development. During an infant’s first two years, he learns to trust the world around him or becomes cynical about the social environment’s ability to meet his needs (trust versus mistrust stage).
300
What are the characteristics of a child’s first sentences and what is usually missing?
They are short, generally 2 or 3 words, and they are simple. Nouns, verbs, and adjectives are usually included, but virtually all grammatical markers are missing.
400
Compare the development and acquisition of fine motor skills and gross motor skills across genders.
1) Girls are ahead of males in some aspects of physical development. Appear to have a slight advantage in the development of fine motor skills 2) Boys are typically more physically active and acquire gross motor skills faster than girls do
400
Explain the debate between nativists and empiricists regarding perceptual development. Which is noted for providing the best understanding of the development of perceptual skills?
Nativists claim that most perceptual abilities are inborn. Empiricists feel that these skills are learned. Similar to the nurture versus nature debate. Perceptual development is best understood by combining these beliefs. Perceptual skills are the result of an interaction between inborn and experimental factors.
400
If a baby is beginning to understand casual connections and is able to keep a goal in mind and creates a plan to achieve it, what substage of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage would the baby most likely be in? Give reason.
Substage 4 because the baby has developed a means-end behavior allowing him to go after what they want.
400
What is the main difference that exists between ethological perspectives and psychoanalytic perspectives?
Ethologists view the infant’s capacity for forming social relationships as highly resistant to environmental forces such as variations in the quality of parenting.
400
A young boy is playing in the living room with his mother and suddenly points to a hat that is lying on the counter and says “daddy” what is the young boy inferring and what are these word-and-gesture combinations known as?
The boy is inferring that the hat is his father’s and by saying “daddy” and pointing he is combining a word with a gesture, and is therefore using a holophrase
500
What is the difference between fine motor skills and gross motor skills?
1) Fine Motor Skills involve the use of the hands 2) Gross Motor Skills include abilities such as crawling that enable the infant to get around in the environment
500
Explain the three different kinds of information that can be used in judging depth perception.
1) Binocular Cues involve both eyes, each of which receives a slightly different visual image of an object. The closer the object is the more different these two views are. 2) Pictorial Information (monocular cues) requires input from only one eye. Involves interposition, which is when an object is particularly in front of another one, you know the partially hidden object is further away. Another example is linear perspective. 3) Kinetic Cues come from either your own motion or the motion of an object
500
List the primary techniques of the 6 substages of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage.
1) 0-1 month: reflexes 2) 1-4 months: primary circular reactions 3) 4-8 months: secondary circular reactions 4) 8-12 months: coordination of secondary schemes 5) 12-18 months: tertiary circular reactions 6) 18-24 months: beginning of mental representation
500
According to John Bowlby infants create different internal models of their relationships parents and other key adults, what do these internal models include?
These models include the level of confidence a child has that the attachment figure will be available or reliable, the child’s expectation of rebuff or affection, and the child’s sense of assurance that the other is really a safe base for exploration. Begins forming late in child’s first year and becomes more elaborate around the fourth and fifth year. By age 5, most children have a clear internal model of their mother (or primary caregiver), a self model, and a model of relationships.
500
Explain the pattern of infant-directed speech (IDS).
This pattern of speech is characterized by a higher pitch than that exhibited by adults and children when they are not speaking to an infant Adults speaking to infants often are repetitive and introduce minor variations when using repetition.