PROKARYOTE VS. EUKARYOTE
Which cell type is found in plants and animals?
Eukaryotic cells
What's the main role of the nucleus?
Controls cell activities and holds genetic material (DNA)
What is the main difference?
Passive moves with gradient (high to low, no energy); Active moves against gradient (low to high, needs ATP/energy).
What is osmosis?
The net movement of water molecules across a partially (selectively) permeable membrane from a region of higher water potential (lower solute concentration)
What is the main function of photosynthesis?
To convert light energy from the sun into chemical energy stored in glucose (sugar).
What is a structure found in prokaryotes but not animal cells?
A cell wall (though plants have one too).
Which organelle has its own DNA?
Mitochondria (and chloroplasts in plants).
What is the cell membrane?
What are the types of solutions in osmosis?
Isotonic
Hypotonic
Hypertonic
Where does photosynthesis occur in a plant cell?
In the chloroplasts, specifically using chlorophyll pigments.
How do prokaryotes reproduce?
Binary fission
How does the cell get rid of waste?
Lysosomes break down waste, while the smooth ER detoxifies substances.
Diffusion vs. Osmosis
Diffusion is general substance movement; Osmosis is specifically water movement.
Hypertonic
Higher solute outside; water leaves the cell, causing animal cells to shrink or plant cells to wilt.
How do gases enter/exit the leaf?
Carbon dioxide enters and oxygen exits through tiny pores called stomata.
What is the function of ribosomes in both?
Protein synthesis
What's the difference between Rough and Smooth ER
(Rough has ribosomes for protein, Smooth makes lipids/detoxifies).
Why do cells need active transport if passive is easier?
To get needed stuff against gradient, like nutrients).
Essential conditions for osmosis?
A selectively permeable membrane, a difference in water concentration (water potential) on either side, and the presence of solutes.
What is the main purpose of cellular respiration?
To break down glucose to produce ATP, the cell's usable energy currency.
What is the endosymbiotic theory about?
Explains the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts from engulfed prokaryotes.
"How do the Golgi apparatus and ER work together?
(ER makes/transports, Golgi packages/labels for transport).
What happens to a red blood cell in salt water?
(Shrinks/crenates in hypertonic solution).
How do plants use osmosis?
Plants absorb water through roots (hypotonic environment), making cells turgid (rigid), which supports the plant. When water is scarce (hypertonic), they wilt.
Where does cellular respiration happen?
Primarily in the mitochondria (after initial glycolysis in the cytoplasm).