Background + Treatment
Yusuf suffers from chronic inflammation … which type of CRC does he most likely have?
Collitis-associated
Fill in the blank. Mrs. Johnson is an active smoker. Compared to a non-smoker, she is ______X more likely to develop CRC.
2/Two
At just 26 years old, Yusuf’s CRC was most often diagnosed at which stages compared to older adults?
Stage III or IV
Mrs. Johnson has a history of CRC. Her cancer developed due to a mutation in BRAF caused by a change in the colon environment … which type of CRC does she most likely have?
Sporadic CRC
Yusuf has a diet low in vegetables and fibre. Which CRC mechanism does this factor drive?
CIN/Chromosomal Instability
Mrs. Johnson’s tumor biopsy is tested for immunotherapy eligibility. Which subtype responds best to treatment MSI-H/dMMR or MSS/pMMR?
MSI-H/dMMR
Why does Yusuf’s low vegetable and fruit consumption increase his risk of CRC?
Causes gut dysbiosis
Mrs. Johnson’s colonoscopy shows a sessile serrated polyp in the proximal colon. Which molecular mutation is most commonly found in this lesion?
BRAF
Doctors discover Yusuf’s tumor carries DNA damage from a bacterial toxin produced by certain E. coli. What is this toxin called?
Colibactin
Mrs. Johnson undergoes immunotherapy, in which T-cells are removed from her tumor, cultured in a lab, and then infused into her bloodstream once again. Which method of immunotherapy is this?
Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs)
Yusuf’s adenoma acquires a TP53 mutation. What does this mutation allow the tumor cells to do?
avoid apoptosis & proliferate while gaining mutations
In the KEYNOTE-177 trial, Mrs. Johnson received a PD-1 inhibitor that doubled progression-free survival over chemotherapy. What is this drug?
Pembrolizumab (Keytruda)
Yusuf undergoes targeted drug therapy where he’s given bevacizumab - a drug that kills cancer cells by limiting blood supply. What treatment method does this drug fall under?
Anti vascular endothelial growth factor antibodies
Mrs. Johnson’s tumor shows loss of MLH1 expression. Which laboratory test would confirm MSI status?
Imunohistochemistry for MMR proteins
Yusuf’s generation (1990s) faces up to five times higher EO-CRC risk than Mrs. Johnson’s. Which early-life exposures help explain this?
Childhood antibiotics, formula feeding, C-sections, processed diet, reduced activity