Enlightenment Thinkers
This philosopher argued that all people are born with natural rights to life, liberty, and property.
Who is John Locke
A government in which citizens elect representatives to rule on their behalf.
What is a republic?
Before the Revolution, French society was divided into three groups called these.
What are the Estates?
He rose to power in France after the Revolution and crowned himself emperor.
Who is Napoleon Bonaparte?
The Enlightenment was a movement that emphasized this over tradition and faith.
What is reason and logic?
He promoted free speech and religious tolerance, often criticizing the Catholic Church.
Who is Voltaire?
A system where one ruler holds absolute power, often justified by divine right.
What is absolutism?
Members of the Third Estate took this oath after being locked out of their meeting hall.
What is the Tennis Court Oath?
Napoleon’s final defeat occurred at this battle.
What is the Battle of Waterloo?
Which American document was most influenced by Enlightenment ideas?
What is the Declaration of Independence?
This thinker believed society needed a social contract where people give up some freedoms for law and order.
Who is Thomas Hobbes?
A government based on Enlightenment ideals was first fully adopted in this country.
What is the United States?
This period was led by Robespierre and marked by mass executions of “enemies of the revolution.”
What is the Reign of Terror?
His failed invasion of this country marked the beginning of his downfall.
What is Russia?
Which revolution inspired the French to challenge monarchy and demand rights?
What is the American Revolution?
The idea of separation of powers—executive, legislative, judicial—was proposed by this philosopher.
Who is Montesquieu?
The idea that rulers get their authority directly from God.
What is the Divine Right of Kings?
One major cause of the Revolution was the unfair tax burden placed on this group.
Who were the commoners/Third Estate?
In Napoleon’s society, promotion was based on this rather than birth.
What is ability/merit?
A system of laws and reforms enacted by Napoleon in France.
What is the Napoleonic Code?
She argued that women deserved equal education and rights, challenging the views of her time.
Who is Mary Wollstonecraft?
A political system in which the upper class alone rules.
What is an aristocracy?
This document, influenced by Enlightenment ideas, declared equality and rights for men in France.
What is the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen?
One major effect of Napoleon’s rule was the spread of this powerful idea across Europe.
What is nationalism?
This meeting of representatives was called by Louis XVI to solve France’s financial crisis but instead triggered the Revolution.
What is the Estates General?