Domains of Life
Among the three domains of life, these two are more closely related.
What are eukarya and archaea?
A phylum that is part of the diploblast group
What is a Cnidarian or Ctenaphore?
This explains why small organisms exchange heat and gases faster per unit mass than large ones
What is Surface Area: Volume Ratio?
Sponges have the potential to regenerate from broken-up pieces. This is an example of
What is fragmentation?
A heterotrophic eukaryote engulfed a photosynthetic eukaryote (alga). This is known as...
What is secondary endosymbiosis?
Identify the domain: A cell lacks a nucelus, has histones associated with DNA, and circular chromosomes.
What is archaea?
A synapomorphy that distinguishes Ecdysozoa from Lophotrochozoa and a phylum in each group
What is Ecdysis/molting to grow?
Ecdysozoa: Arthropoda, Nematoda, Onychophora, Tardigrade
Lophotrochozoa: Annelida, Mollusca, Platyhelminthes
The main products of anaerobic respiration in ANIMALS and YEAST
What is Lactic Acid? (Animals)
What is Ethanol? (Yeast)
A similarity and a difference between fission and budding
Similarity: Both modes of asexual reproduction/involve only one parent
Difference: Fission splits the parent into two roughly equal halves. Budding produces a smaller distinct offspring from the parent
The definition of a coelom.
What is a fluid-filled body cavity completely lined by mesoderm?
The three modes of lateral gene transfer: define them!
What are transformation, transduction, and conjugation?
Transformation: Bacteria take up DNA fragments from the environment (dead bacteria) into their genome.
Transduction: Transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another by a virus
Conjugation: Direct transfer of DNA between living bacterial cells
What is Nematoda?
Compare how endotherms vs ectotherms regulate heat and explain a tradeoff
Endotherms: regulate internal temperatures through the production of body heat.
Ectotherms: use the external environment to regulate internal temperatures.
Trade-off: Environmental flexibility vs Conservation of energy
Reproduction that requires replication of genetic material, reduction in genetic material, and designation of cells to help create new material
What is sexual reproduction?
Two physiological advanatages of evolving multicellularity
What is cell specialization, increased size, complexity and organization?
What are the three components of multicellularity?
1. Cells cannot survive on their own
2. Different cells are specialized to perform specific functions
3. Cells have some way of sticking together and communicating
Compare and Contrast Onychophora and Annelida
(At least 2 similarities and 1 difference)
Similarities:
Both worms, Bilaterians, protostomes, Coelomates, triploblasts, multicellular, segmentation etc.
Differences:
Onychophora- Ecdysozoan, molt to grow, includes velvet worms
Annelida- Lophotrochozoan, continuous growth, includes earthworm/leeches
The difference between positive and negative feedback loops, AND give one example of each.
Negative feedback: counteracts stimulus to maintain stability (around a setpoint) ex. thermoregulation
Positive feedback: amplifies the stimulus ex. Oxytocin release during childbirth contractions
Some lizard species reproduce only through parthenogenesis. Describe one advantage and one disadvantage of this strategy.
Advantage: Doesn't require a mate
Disadvantage: Lower genetic diversity
What are the three parts of the cell theory?
1. Cells are the smallest unit of life
2. All living things are made of one or more cells
3. All new cells arise from pre-existing cells
What are:
Archaeplastida- Plants
TSAR- Forams, Malaria, Kelp
Amorphea- Fungi, Animals, Slime Mold
Excavata- Giardia
Build a phylogenetic tree with the following phyla: Echinodermata, Arthropoda, Onychophora, Cnidaria, & Chordata
Label where these traits arose: multicellularity, # germ layer type, symmetry types, mouth development types, growth type, coelom type
ummm awkward it doesn't let me post a picture bc i refuse to pay
The four main steps of aerobic cellular respiration AND the products from each
What are Glycolysis, Acetyl-CoA Production, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport Chain?
Glycolysis: 2 Pyruvate + ATP
Acetyl-CoA Production: Acetyl-CoA + CO2
Krebs Cycle: ATP + CO2
ETC: O2, H2O, LOTS OF ATP!
Um that's all for animals so here is an Endosymbiosis question:
What key evidence supports the primary endosymbiosis theory? (5)
-mitochondria and chloroplasts ~ size of an avg bacterium
-both replicate by fission (like bacteria)
-both have double membranes
-both have their own circular DNA
-mitochondria and chloroplast gene sequences are more closely related to bacterial sequences than to nuclear DNA sequences of eukaryotes
Describe how average resistance to antibiotics in bacteria might have increased over time.
When bacteria are exposed to antibiotics, the more susceptible bacteria die, while those with higher resistance survive.
Resistant bacteria reproduce and pass on their resistance to offspring.
Over generations, the frequency of resistant alleles increases, which raises the average resistance in the population. (Mutation and lateral gene transfer can introduce new resistance alleles and further boost resistance.)