Cell Structures
What are the three major principles of Cell Theory?
All living things are made of cells. All cells come from other cells that were already alive. The cell is the smallest thing that can be alive.
What is diffusion?
Diffusion is when particles move from where there's lots of them to where there's less of them. It happens naturally and doesn't need energy.
What is ecology?
Ecology is the part of biology that studies how living things interact with each other and with their environment.
Where is DNA found in eukaryotic cells?
DNA is inside the nucleus.
Claim
Cells work right because osmosis keeps the water balance inside them.
What does the mitochondria do?
The mitochondria turns food into energy the cell can use. It's like the power plant of the cell. The energy gets stored in molecules like ATP.
What is osmosis?
Osmosis is when water moves across a semipermeable membrane from where there's less stuff dissolved in it to where there's more stuff dissolved in it.
What is biodiversity?
Biodiversity means all the different types of organisms and their environments on Earth. Its like how many different species we have on the planet.
What's the difference between chromatin and chromosomes?
Chromatin is the loose form of DNA when the cell isn't dividing. Chromosomes are the tightly packed form of DNA that you can see during mitosis when the cell divides.
Evidence
When cells are in a hypotonic solution (less stuff dissolved outside), water goes into the cells until it's balanced. When cells are in a hypertonic solution (more stuff dissolved outside), water leaves the cells. This shows water moves across the membrane because of osmosis.
How are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells different?
Prokaryotes don't have a nucleus or most organelles and are smaller. Eukaryotes have a real nucleus with a membrane around it, and they have lots of different organelles inside. Plants, animals, fungi and some single-cell things are eukaryotes.
What's dynamic equilibrium in diffusion?
Dynamic equilibrium is when the particles get spread out evenly so there's no more net movement, but all the individual particles still keep moving around.
Name the four types of symbiotic relationships.
Mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, and competition.
What happens during interphase?
During interphase, the cell grows bigger (G1), makes a copy of its DNA (S), and gets ready to divide (G2).
Evidence
When cells are in a hypotonic solution (less stuff dissolved outside), water goes into the cells until it's balanced. When cells are in a hypertonic solution (more stuff dissolved outside), water leaves the cells. This shows water moves across the membrane because of osmosis.
What are two ways plant cells are different from animal cells?
Plant cells have a hard cell wall made of cellulose outside their cell membrane that animal cells don't have. Plant cells have chloroplasts for doing photosynthesis, but animal cells have centrioles and lysosomes instead.
What's the difference between a solute and a solvent?
The solute is the smaller part that gets dissolved (sugar), and the solvent is the bigger part that does the dissolving (water).
Give one example of mutualism.
An example is birds that eat bugs off a rhino's skin. The rhino gets rid of parasites and the bird gets food. They both win.
List the stages of mitosis in order.
Prophase,Metaphase,Anaphase,Telophase,Cytokinesis
Reasoning
Because water moves by osmosis based on how much stuff is dissolved on each side, cells can adjust how much water they have without using energy. This water movement helps maintain homeostasis by stopping cells from swelling up too much or drying out.
Describe what the Golgi apparatus is and what it does.
The Golgi apparatus is like a stack of flat membranes. It takes proteins from the ER and changes them, sorts them, and puts them in little bubbles called vesicles to send them to where they need to go in the cell or outside the cell.
Explain how osmosis helps cells stay balanced.
Osmosis helps cells stay balanced by letting water move in and out through the membrane. This keeps the right amount of water inside and outside the cell, which helps the cell get nutrients, get rid of waste, and stay the right size. If there was too much water outside, some moves in. If there's too little, some moves out.
Compare and contrast mutualism and parasitism.
In mutualism both species get something good from the relationship. In parasitism, one species gets something good but the other one gets hurt, like a tapeworm in an animal's intestines.
What is cytokinesis?
Cytokinesis is the physical process of cell division, which divides the cytoplasm of a parental cell into two daughter cells.
Reasoning
Because water moves by osmosis based on how much stuff is dissolved on each side, cells can adjust how much water they have without using energy. This water movement helps maintain homeostasis by stopping cells from swelling up too much or drying out.