Pathos
The dissemination or spread of malignant cells to distant sites through lymphatic and blood circulation.
Metastasis
Name 2 diagnosic indicators of AMI-Prior to cath lab and not including assessment findings.
ST elevation, Q waves, elevated Troponin, elevated myoglobin,!
Following a bronchoscopy, how does the nurse determine when the patient no longer needs to remain NPO?
Until the gag reflex returns
What type of skull fracture is suspected if there is CSF leaking from the patient’s ears and nose?
Basilar skull fracture
This type of cancer treatment is used primarily to treat systemic disease rather than localized lesions
Chemotherapy
Jaundice can be caused by 3 types of underlying pathophysiology. Hepatocelluar (inability of damaged liver cells to clear normal amounts of bilirubin – viruses, medication/chemical toxins, alcohol. Hemolytic (rapid destruction of RBC flooding plasma with bilirubin so fast that even the normal liver cannot clear it fast enough (blood transfusion, autoimmune disease of the pancreas). What is the 3rd type of patho that can cause jaundice?
Obstructive (occlusion of bile duct (gall stones, tumor, pressure from enlarged organ, congenital duct defect)
A nurse is trying to calculate her patient’s TBSA burn. Use the rule of nines to determine her TBSA if both lower extremities and her groin had suffered deep partial thickness burns
37%--18% for each leg plus 1% for the groin.
What should the patient’s target urine output be in the acute stage of burn care?
0.5-1 mL/kg/hr
Name 2 differences between partial thickness and full thickness burns.
Full thickness have no pain, always require skin grafts, take months to heal, involve complete destruction of dermis and epidermis and often of underlying tissue as well.
MONA B ASAP should visit every AMI patient. What does MONA B stand for?
? Morphine, O2, Nitrates, ASA and Beta blockers.—ASAP=ACE_I, STATINS, anticoags, PCI
Pain at rest with reversible ST-segment elevation/ possibly caused by coronary artery vasospasm.
(Hint: A type of angina)
Printzmetal's or spastic angina
When caring for a patient with cancer it is important to routinely assess for bleeding. The most common cause of bleeding in patients with cancer results from bone marrow depression. What is the name of this disorder, and what lab result will indicate that it has occurred?
Thrombocytopenia-- Platelet level
Immediately following percutaneous liver biopsy, which position should the nurse assist the patient into?
The right side with a pillow under the costal margin to compress the site of penetration against the chest wall
A nurse understands that a patient with liver damage experiences unexplained bruising because why?
Answer: the liver is unable to synthesize prothrombin due to abnormal vitamin k metabolism
A topical, enzymatic debridement agent is applied to the patient’s burn. What type of debridement is this?
Chemical debridement
The others are surgical, mechanical and natural.
Name 2 electrolyte imbalances which are likely to develop in the first 48 hours after a burn injury.
Hyperkalemia and hyponatremia
List 3 differences between arterial and venous ulcers.
Arterial-on pressure areas/toes, ver painful, deep, base is pale to black, minimal edema.skin is ruborous, shiny, cool, no hair, shiny, thick redged nails. Venous On malleoli or tibia, pain is minimal to severe, superficial, base is red, yellow or granulated, edema is moderate to severe. Skin is thick tough, brown to blue, dermatitis is present.
Your patient is diagnosed with esophageal varices secondary to cirrhosis of the liver. During her hospitalization she experiences constipation. What is your rationale for educating the patient on the importance of not straining to pass stool?
Bearing down increases pressure within the vessels and may lead to rupture of the varices and hemorrhage
List the two common complications of acute myeloid leukemia that may result in death.
bleeding and infection
Name 4 ways to decrease intracranial pressure.
HOB up, neck neutral, drainage of CSF, hyperventilate, sedate, mannitol,
Dyspnea is the main symptom. It occurs first with exertion and eventually at rest. Other S/S may include signs of right sided heart failure, weakness, fatigue and abdominal pain. What is the patho?
Pulmonary Hypertension
A patient with a history of alcohol abuse is admitted with cirrhosis and pruitis. What two other skin abnormalities might a nurse discover during assessment of a patient with cirrhosis?
Palmar erythema, spider angiomas, caput medusae
You are discharging a 55 y/o male patient, with a diagnosis of lung cancer. He will be treated with a combination of radiation and chemotherapy and followed up for treatment as an outpatient. To lessen complications list 6 things you will teach the patient
Eat 6 small meals that are high in protein, low in salt and fat, avoid fresh fruits and vegetables, use mild soap, pat dry, follow with cream or aloe lotion, inspect skin daily for breaks, call the physician with faintness, bleeding, impaired skin integrity, clouded sensorium.
Name four lab results that may decrease in liver failure
albumin, platelets, hct, rbc, cholesterol, total protein---NOTE THE FOLLOWING WILL INCREASE in liver failure: INR, ammonia, bilirubin—both direct and total, ast, alt, sdh, ggt, alk phos, prothrombin time
Involves the delivery of radiation by implanting radioisotopes (pellets) close to the lesion
Brachytherapy