Cells/ Cell Theory
What is the function of the mitochondria in the cell?
Generate Power(ATP) for the cell
_____ combines monomers into polymers
____ breakdowns polymers into monomers
Dehydration
Hydrolysis
Name at least two factors that will help to increase permeability in plasma membranes
1. Increase temperature
2. Shorter tails
3. Increase in Unsaturated fats
4. Increase in cholesterol in lower temperatures
What is the difference between endergonic and exergonic reactions?
Exergonic-release energy
Endergonic-takes in energy
Explain these terms:
Autotroph
Heterotroph
Photoautotroph
Autotroph-gains energy from inorganic sources
Heterotroph- Gains energy from organic sources
Photoautotroph- gains energy from sunlight
What is the function of the glycocalyx in prokaryotic cells?
Water retention
What are the main components of an amino acid.
Carboxyl group, R group, amino group, and a central Carbon
Osmosis is the flow of water from ____ to ____ solute concentration
Low to High
How do we utilize energy from an ATP molecule in order to charge another reaction?
Using hydrolysis we split the bonds between the phosphate groups that have huge amounts of potential energy
Calvin cycle- in the stroma
Light dependent Reaction: In the thylakoid membranes
Which is more efficient:
a cell with a bigger surface area to volume ratio
or
a cell with a smaller surface area to volume ratio.
A cell with a bigger surface area to volume ratio as it allows for the cell to use the space it has more efficiently
Smaller cells usually have a bigger surface area to volume ratio which are more efficient.
Explain why phospholipids form a bilayer in the water?
Because of the hydrophilic head and the hydrophobic tails. Because of this they form a bilayer to help protect the tails
If a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, what would we expect to happen to the cell?
The water will flow out of the cell leading it to shrivel up
What are the 3 modifications that occur in RNA processing that take place in Eukaryotic cells?
Capping
Tailing
Splicing
What are the inputs and outputs of glycolysis?
Inputs: 1 Glucose, 2 ATP, 2NAD+
Outputs: 4 ATP, 2 ADP, 2 NADH, 2 Pyruvate
Name at least two differences between a plant and animal cell
1. cell wall
2. chloroplasts
3. etc.
What determines the function of proteins?
The R group
What difference in structure does DNA nucleotide and a RNA nucleotide have and how does this affect the stability?
DNA has no OH group on the 2' end while RNA does have an OH group on the 2' end.
This makes DNA more stable and RNA less stable
Unambiguous: each codon represents one Amino acid
Redundant: A codon has more than one amino acid that codes for it
Conservative: When two codons share the first two bases
What are the inputs and outputs of the Citric Acid Cycle?
Inputs: 2 Acetyl CoA, 6 NAD+, 2 ADP, 2 FAD
Outputs: 4 CO2, 2 FADH2, 6 NADH, 2 ATP
Explain the concept of compartmentalization
A property of eukaryotes that is a consequence of having membrane bound organelles
It allows for separation of functions and concentration of materials
What are the 4 levels of structure in proteins and how are they stabilized?
Primary-peptide bonds
Secondary-hydrogen bonds
Tertiary-hydrogen and ionic bonds
Quaternary- hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and hydrophobic interactions
Given this strand template strand of DNA give the template strand and mRNA strand
ATC TCG TTA AAG CCG AGC
Template:
TAG AGC AAT TTC GGC TCG
mRNA strand:
AUC UCG UUC AAG CCG AGC
Explain what happens when one of the enzymes in a metabolic pathway does not work properly.
Extra 300: Explain what happens when we have a surplus of one substrate being produced at the end of a metabolic pathway.
The metabolic pathway will be interupted and you will create a surplus of any substrte that is created before the enzyme that is not working properly
The substrate will bind to the first enzyme and make it ineffectual to bind to the first substrate in the pathway preventing the creation of any more substrate
How is the electrochemical gradient produced during the ETC and how is it utilized in Oxidative phosphorylation?
It is created by the transfer of H+ molecules when electron carriers donate their electron down the chain
It is utilized by ATP synthase by using the H+ ions to spin the shaft and rotor to charge ADP + Pi into ATP