Modern Policing
This refers to the time between when a call for service is received and when police arrive on the scene.
What is response time?
A defendant may use intoxication as a defense if this occurs.
What is if they were involuntarily intoxicated?
These agencies are unique in that they serve all three components of the criminal justice system: law enforcement, courts, and corrections.
What are sheriff's departments?
Force applied by a police officer that is likely or intended to cause death is referred to as this.
What is deadly force?
The Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment found that increasing the level of preventive patrol had this effect on the crime rate.
What is no effect?
With the creation of the juvenile justice system in the early 1900s, this defense became redundant.
What is the infancy defense?
These agencies have statewide police powers for both traffic regulation and criminal investigations. North Carolina does not have one of these agencies.
What is a state police agency?
The application of an amount and/or frequency of force greater than that required to compel compliance from a willing or unwilling subject.
What is excessive force?
This metaphorical term refers to the value placed on secrecy and the general mistrust of the outside world shared by many police officers.
What is the blue curtain or the blue wall of silence?
The basis of this rule is that the defendant was unable to distinguish right from wrong.
What is the M'Naghten rule?
State troopers work for this law enforcement agency.
What is highway patrol?
In terms of race/ethnicity, Edwards et al. (2019) found these two groups to be the most likely to be killed by police.
What are Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander people followed by Black people?
Many police departments use this type of system which assigns priorities to calls for service or refers the caller to another agency.
What is a differential response system?
Patty Hearst unsuccessfully tried to use this defense.
What is duress?
UNCW Police is an example of this type of police.
What is special district police (or special police)?
This theory suggests that police misconduct and excessive force can be attributed to a few bad officers, as opposed to a broader policing issue.
What is the rotten apple theory?
This emphasizes secrecy, suspicion, violence, solidarity, and intragroup loyalty.
What is the police subculture?
The general rule is that the level of force used in self-defense cannot exceed this.
What is the person’s reasonable perception of the threat?
The County Sheriff’s Department is much more common than this other type of county-level police.
What is county police department?
According to Nix et al., empirical support has been mixed for this effect which refers to police officers subconsciously perceiving people of color to be more threatening than white people.
What is the implicit bias effect?