Signal Words/Phrases
Fill in the blank.
( ) I am going to talk about the life of James Dean.
Today
What does this abbreviation mean?
ch.
Chapter
What does the symbol mean?
#
number
Fill in the blank.
One ( ) that shows this is the case of Bali Tigers.
example
Correct an error.
Talks about climate change.
The speaker (author) talks about climate change.
You should ( ) that the important thing is not the quantity but the quality.
note
What does this abbreviation mean?
b/c
because
What does this symbol mean?
≈
is similar to
Fill in the blank.
The key ( ) of this cycle is photosynthesis.
feature
Correct an error.
Recycling is important so it is damaging the Earth.
Recycling is important because not doing it is damaging the Earth.
Keep ( )( )( ) plants get the energy needed for photosynthesis directly from the Sun.
in mind that
What does this abbreviation mean?
re:
about/regarding
What does this symbol mean?
/
per, or
The speaker also ( )( )that when plants die, they give carbon back to the soil so that others can use it.
pointed out
Correct an error.
Global warming is getting serious because many people are worried.
Many people are worried because global warming is getting serious.
Fill in the blanks.
Today we are going to talk about what plants do for the ecosystem, which is academically ( ) ( ) as "ecological services."
referred to
What does this abbreviation mean?
et al.
What does this symbol mean?
≠
differ(s) from/is (are) not the same from~
Fill in the blank.
<Introducing another point the speaker made...>
( )( ), the other ecological service is providing energy.
Moving on
Correct the error.
How we think about the universe altered Albert Einstein's famous and revolutionary theories of physics.
Albert Einstein's famous and revolutionary theories of physics altered how we think about the universe.
Fill in the blanks.
Maybe you think that carnivores don't need plants, but the ( )( ), even if an animal does not eat plants directly, it eats animals that do, so ( ) ( )( ), all animals rely on plants for energy.
the thing / in other words
What does this abbreviation mean?
i.e.
Specifically/that is
What does this symbol mean?
∴
therefore, thus
Fill in the blank of the oral summary.
The first ( ) the speaker ( ) was one of these services, ( ) the carbon-oxgyen cycle.
point/introduced/specifically
Correct an error.
Some plants help change virus DNA by scientists studying and understanding some plants.
Studying the DNA of some plants helps scientists understand how virus DNA can change.