Basics
Tel Aviv, Israel
What is the location of the authors?
This is the maladaptation of the gut microbiome leading to negative effects on the host
What is dysbiosis
Under this treatment condition certain species are able to colonize the human gut and are shed even 5 months after the last administration.
What are probiotics
This is one of the limitations of the study
What is using healthy adult volunteers, or
using a single set of broad-spectrum antibiotics, or
using one probiotics mixture
This is the number of classes listed in the syllabus
What is 29
This is when an individual donates material to themselves.
What is an autologous transplant?
Associations with obesity, allergy, autoimmune disease and inflammatory bowel disease
What is the the impact of antibiotic exposure
This treatment after antibiotics in humans leads to the most robust recovery in fecal microbiome composition and function compared to the other treatments
What is an aFMT
Long-term stool storage, pill production, and rapid delivery are limitations to widespread adoption of this approach
What are aFMTs
This is the number of points in the class, not including extra credit
What is 150 points
This is the number of main-text figures in the paper
What is seven?
11 species for 4 weeks, daily
What is the number of probiotic strains and how often were they administered
This approach found that the duodenal function post-FMT treatment most greatly resembled the naive state while the jejunal function post-probiotics resembled the antibiotic-treated state
What is transcriptomics
While probiotics may impair colonization of the indigenous microbiome, the authors suggest that probiotics may still have this beneficial function
What is to repel or resist pathogen colonization
This is my go to filler word when talking.
What is "uhh"
This is the bioinformatic approach used to estimate species composition from metagenomic sequencing
What is MetaPhlAn2
Increased probiotic colonization in the lumen of the upper and lower GI tracts but less so in the mucosa
What is the impact of antibiotics on probiotic colonization in mice (aka colonization resistance)?
The filtrate of this culture inhibited the growth of microbiome bacteria in vitro
What are probiotics or lactobacilli
The authors coin this term to describe a person-specific consortia of core gut microbiome function that is highly-defined and individually-tailored for use after antibiotic treatment
What are personalized probiotics
This is the year of the earliest paper we've read in class so far
What is 1901
This is the number of healthy volunteers enrolled in the human portion of the study
What is 21
Probiotics, spontaneous resolution, and then FMT
What is the order of most to least delay in microbiome recovery?
Bacterial species richness in the human gut mucosa after this treatment most resembles that of post-FMT recovery.
What is spontaneous recovery
This is the method by which aFMTs were administered to humans
What is intrajejunal infusion (direct injection into the small intestines)
Difference in colonization of probiotics between mice and humans
Probiotics colonize humans but not mice