Communicable diseases
Is a viral disease showing symptoms of fever and a red skin rash.
Measles
The non-specific defense systems of the human body against pathogens, includes the:
Give at least 2 examples.
Give one example of antibiotic.
Penicillin
What is the main difference in how bacteria and viruses cause disease?
Bacteria cause disease by releasing toxins that damage cells, while viruses cause disease by invading and destroying host cells as they reproduce inside them.
Food poisoning is spread by bacteria ingested in food, or on food prepared in unhygienic conditions
Salmonella
White blood cells help to defend against pathogens by, name 3 ways
___________ are medicines that help to cure bacterial disease by killing infective bacteria inside the body
Antibiotics
New drugs are extensively tested for:
toxicity, efficacy and dose.
What are the classes of organisms infectious to humans?
Virus, Bacteria, Fungi, Protozoa,
Is a fungal disease where purple or black spots develop on leaves, which often turn yellow and drop early. It affects the growth of the plant as photosynthesis is reduced.
Rose black spot
Explain the process of phagocytosis
Phagocytosis is the process by which certain cells, called phagocytes (such as white blood cells), engulf and digest foreign particles, such as bacteria, viruses, or dead cells, to protect the body from infection.
TRUE OR FALSE: Antibiotics cannot kill viral pathogens.
TRUE
What is a placebo?
Tablet that does not contain the drug / active ingredient.
Sugar pill.
Fake drug.
What is a Disinfectant?
A disinfectant is a chemical substance used to kill bacteria and other microorganisms on surfaces (not inside the body). What is Staphlococcus Aureus?
The pathogens that cause malaria has a life cycle that includes the mosquito. Malaria is caused by _____
Protist
____________ are proteins produced by the immune system, specifically by a type of white blood cell called B lymphocytes, to neutralize these toxins and protect the body.
Antitoxins
___________ medicines are used to treat the symptoms of disease but do not kill pathogens.
Painkillers
What is a double blind test and why is it used in drug trials?
Either the patients nor the doctors know who is receiving the real drug and who is receiving a placebo.
Late stage of the infection occurs when the body's immune system becomes severely weakened, making it unable to fight off other infections or cancers. The infection is spread through sexual contact or the exchange of body fluids, such as blood, which can happen when drug users share needles.
HIV/AIDS
What is an antigen?
molecule found on the surface of a pathogen that the immune system recognizes as foreign, triggering the production of antibodies.
How does vaccination works?
Introducing small quantities of dead or inactive forms of a pathogen into the body to stimulate the white blood cells to produce antibodies. If the same pathogen re-enters the body the white blood cells (memory cells) respond quickly to produce the correct antibodies, preventing infection.
Highlight what happens on the three phases of testing during clinical trials.
Phase 1: Tests on a small group of healthy people to check safety, side effects, and dosage.
Phase 2: Tests on a larger group of patients to assess effectiveness.
Phase 3: Compares the new drug with existing treatments using a large group to see which works better.
What is bacterial resistance to antibiotics, and how does it occur?
happens when bacteria evolve to become immune to the effects of an antibiotic. This can occur through genetic mutations or by acquiring resistance genes from other bacteria. Overuse or misuse of antibiotics speeds up this process.