Foundations of Psychology
This early school of psychology, associated with Wilhelm Wundt, focused on breaking consciousness into basic elements.
What is structuralism?
These cells are the basic building blocks of the nervous system.
What are neurons?
This process occurs when sensory organs detect physical energy from the environment.
What is sensation?
The type of learning discovered by Ivan Pavlov.
What is classical conditioning?
Piaget’s first stage of cognitive development.
What is the sensorimotor stage?
The perspective championed by William James that emphasized the purpose of behavior and mental processes.
What is functionalism?
The chemical messengers of the nervous system that transmit signals across synapses.
What are neurotransmitters?
This term describes our awareness of ourselves and our environment.
What is consciousness?
B. F. Skinner developed this type of learning based on reinforcement and punishment.
What is operant conditioning?
Freud believed that personality consists of the id, ego, and this third component.
What is the superego?
This psychologist founded psychoanalysis and emphasized the unconscious mind.
Who is Sigmund Freud?
This part of the brain coordinates movement, balance, and motor learning.
What is the cerebellum?
The theory that color vision is based on cones sensitive to red, green, and blue wavelengths.
What is the trichromatic theory?
This form of memory includes facts and events that can be consciously recalled.
What is explicit (declarative) memory?
Petty annoyances, irritations, and frustrations that arise from chronic or repeated conditions of living.
What are hassles?
This research method involves observing behavior in its natural setting without interference.
What is naturalistic observation?
The two major subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system.
What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?
The sleep stage when most dreaming occurs and the brain is highly active.
What is REM sleep?
The process of transferring information from short-term to long-term memory, often aided by rehearsal.
What is encoding?
This anxiety disorder involves repeated, intrusive thoughts and repetitive behaviors.
What is obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?
This concept refers to the idea that only measurable, observable behavior should be studied.
What is behaviorism?
This brain imaging technique measures electrical activity at the scalp.
What is an EEG?
This term describes the failure to notice something because attention is directed elsewhere, illustrated by the “gorilla video” experiments.
What is inattentional blindness?
in operant conditioning, a procedure in which reinforcement guides behavior toward closer approximations of the desired goal
shaping
This type of therapy developed by Carl Rogers emphasizes unconditional positive regard and client self-direction.
What is person-centered therapy?