School Discipline & Outcomes
What percentage of suspended students were arrested by Year 15 compared to their nonsuspended peers?
20% of suspended students vs. 5% of nonsuspended students
Which two demographic factors were the strongest predictors of being suspended?
Being Black (OR = 3.28) and being male (OR = 5.13)
According to the mediation analysis, which mechanism explained the largest portion (52%) of the link between early suspension and later arrest?
Repeated school sanctions or expulsions
What statistical method did the researcher use to account for pre-existing differences between suspended and nonsuspended students?
Propensity Score Matching (PSM)
Attending a school with which type of staff member lowered the odds of suspension by 22%?
A guidance counselor
What percentage of the suspension–arrest association was explained by increases in delinquency?
31.7%
After matching, how much more likely were suspended students to be arrested compared to similar peers who were not suspended?
They were more than twice as likely (18.5% vs. 8.8%)
Children exposed to which environmental toxin faced nearly double the odds of suspension?
Lead poisoning (OR = 1.98)
What key idea explains how initial suspensions may lead to harsher future treatment by schools?
The “mark” of a disciplinary record makes schools less forgiving, leading to escalating sanctions