Archaea
Do archaea have a nucleus?
no
What kind of producers are most eukarya microbes?
primary producers
What is the morphological name of spherical bacterial cells?
coccus, cocci
What is the difference between Catabolism and Anabolism?
Catabolism breaks down energy, Metabolism builds up energy
Explain central dogma.
DNA is transcribed into RNA and then RNA is translated into protein.
What is a mesophile?
An organism that grows best in moderate temperatures, around 20-25 degrees C
How do eukaryal microbes replicate? Give 3 examples.
binary fission, budding, multiple fission, mitosis, meiosis
What are hyphae?
branching filaments of cells
What is the catalyst for biochemical reaction?
An enzyme
What do Two-component regulatory systems involve?
1. sensor kinase- to detect environmental stimulus often is histidine protein kinase (HPK)
2. Response regulator- to regulate transcription
What is a psychrophile and give a range of temperatures?
An organism that grows in lower temperatures, around -20C to 10C
Describe the difference between mitosis and meiosis.
Mitosis results in two genetically identical daughter cells, whereas meiosis generates 4 genetically distinct haploid daughter cells.
Name 2 inclusion bodies and describe their purpose.
Polyhydroxybutyrate granules- carbon storage
Sulfur globules- sulfur storage
Gas vesicles- buoyancy control
Carboxysomes- location of carbon fixation reactions
Magnetosomes- organelle associated with direction finding
How do cells make ATP?
3 basic pathways: substrate-level phosphorylation, photophosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation
What are regulons?
Regulons are genes that are coordinates to respond to the same regulatory systems.
Name three types of shapes that archaeal cells can be.
rods, spheres, spirals, irregular, rectangular
What is the endosymbiotic theory?
it is a scientific hypothesis that explains the origin of eukaryotic cells and their organelles
Describe the differences between gram negative and gram positive cell.
Gram positive cells stain purple, have thick peptidoglycan layer, have only one outer membrane.
Gram negative cells stain pink, have thin peptidoglycan layer, and have another outer membrane.
Name a group of microorganisms that use light as an energy source, have organic electron source and organic carbon source?
Photoorganoheterotroph
Explain what quorum sensing is and list mechanisms that are controlled.
Quorum sensing is chemical signaling in gene expression used as communication between microbes. Lux is a prototypical quorum-sensing system.
the mechanism controlled includes: Motility, conjugation, biofilm formation and pathogenesis.
What type of homolog is Ta0583?
actin homolog
What are the 3 main pieces of evidence of the endosymbiotic theory?
1. Mitochondria and chloroplasts resemble bacteria size and shape
2. Arrangement of double membranes around mitochondria and chloroplasts is consistent with the idea of ingestion
3. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA which is more closely resembled to bacteria than eukarya
What is the purpose of FtsZ?
Proteins aid in cell division, it finds the middle of the cell and causes binary fission to occur.
Explain the chemiosmotic model.
Chemiosmosis is the movement of ions across a semi permeable membrane. During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are passed through an electron transport system. This generates a proton gradient and ATP synthesis.
Explain CheA.
CheA is a central regulator of chemotaxis. CheA works as the sensor kinase and becomes phosphorylated. CheA then phosphorylates CheY, the response regulator, controlling the direction of flagellar rotation.